.%.  ^    r.%, 


J^.'^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


biUl    12.5 

■50  ■^"     In^Si 

22 
2.0 

1.8 


1^ 

^.        14.0 


IL25  11 1.4 


1.6 


'/ 


Hiotograpbc 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WiST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTff^.N.Y.  MSSO 

{'>U)  S72-4S03 


iV 


i 


SJ 


\ 


\\ 


V 


\4^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiquos 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 

D 
D 
D 

n 
n 

n 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  M  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normals  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 


Q^ 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 


□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


[Zf 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6X6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


10X 

. 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

7 

' 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

Th«  copy  filmad  h«r«  has  baan  r«produc«d  thanka 
to  tha  ganaroaity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


L'axamplaira  fllmA  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
gAn6roait*  da: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 


Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  baat  quality 
poaaibia  conaldaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif icationa. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paps  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
firat  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
sion.  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microfiche 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  —^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  Imagaa  suivantea  ont  AtA  raproduitea  avac  la 
plus  grand  soln.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
de  la  nattetA  da  I'axemplaira  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Lea  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmte  en  commen^ant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'lllustratlon.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  ie  cas.  Tous  lea  autres  exemplairas 
originaux  sont  f  ilmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'lllustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  la  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmis  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'images  nAcesssire.  lies  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

3n^ 


I  '11  ST  (^ 
1      ;3^/^ 


3 


>  o'p  t  'p 


8TAT1: 


Til 


\A  t'cjxn 


t'KI!lM".U; 


SlK  : 

tJlC    1('I)( 

[Jaiiit  res 
[t'xtciit  il 
I  depend*' 


IT<,.i. 


^1 


Sir:  ^ 
intbiv'ijit 
Jiiiio  2,'), 
t(t  the  sti 
Aiiievica 
ii(le<ivoi 
allowed  i 
Betwei 
jacent  to 
ill  the  m\ 
iiitereoiu 
any  coni 
lieetion  li 


4' 


41st  Co^'f;IJK5!S,  \     IlOrSE  OF  IJEPRKSKNTATIVES.     i  V.\.  P'-r 


3f/  .V 


('■SSKHI. 


i 


i    ^'o.  04. 


.!) 


STATE     (JF     TKADE    WITH      IJKlTISil    NORTH     AMi'.KK'AX 

»'KOViN('ES. 


L  E  T  T  E  K 


FI;(>^r 


THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY 


Tr;.\xsMn  I  INT, 


:L  rcjxirt  on  the  ttfate  of  innlr  l/cfircen  the   I'niicd  tStfifcs  (Did  flie  Uriti.-^h 

yortit  Aiiicricmi  Po^uscsnionfi. 


V\:v.n\-\]:\-  !.  1-71. — IJeiViTt'd  to  the  Coiiniiiltcc  ol'  Ways  niul  ^rciins  nn.l  unliTcd 

liiiiiU'il. 


TiiEAsuuv  Depautment,  Oefk-e  or  the  Si'cuetakv, 

Fvhniunj  .'>,  1871. 
Sin  :  1  tviuismit  for  the  iuroniiiitioii  of  tlio  House  of  llei»icseiit;iti\  .vs, 
the  report  of  J.  N,  TiJiriM-d,  who  was  appointed  special  a,i>eiit  luidcr  a 
joint  resoliitio!!  (tf  Omi_<i,ress  approved  fhuie  L'.'J,  ISTO,  to  iiupiire  into  t'le 
extent  and  state  of  the  trad<'  between  the  Usiiteil  States  and  the  several 
dependencies  of  (J  reat  Britain  in  >»'ojfh  .Vnierica. 
Verv  respectfnllv, 

GEO.  S.  IJOUTWELL, 
0  Sevmtiiry. 

no.l.  -TA^IES   (t.   r>LAIXE, 

SpeuJuT  Houac  of  licprcscnta fires. 


Dvvvxi.n,  JanufUi/  -2^,  1S71. 

Sni :  You  intrusted  to  ine,  a  few  niontlis  a<;<>,  the  task  of  eollectiiis 
inforiaation  in  complianei'  with  thejoint  resolution  of  (.'onj^ress  a])i>ro\  eil 
June  1','),  ISTO,  whii'h  directed  that  an  iuipiiry  should  he  nnide  relative 
:to  the  state  of  trad<i  between  tlic^  United  States  an<l  the  iJritish  Norrh 
Vinerican  Possessions.  The  subject  is  an  important  one,  and  I  lia\e 
iinleavored  to  investii^ate  it  with  as  much  thoroilj^'hness  as  the  time 
llowed  me  would  j)ermit. 

]Jetween  the  United  States  and  the  IJritish  dependencies  that  lie  a<l- 
jaeent  to  us  ui)on  (Uir  northern  border,  the  intercourse  of  trade  ouj^ht, 
in  the  natural  order  of  thiu,us.  to  be  as  intimate  and  as  extensive  as  tlu' 
intercoujse  that  exists  within  this  I'lnon  between  its  Stal<'sat  larj^'e  •a<.\{\ 
any  corres[)oudinji'  ^yrouj)  of  them.  Indeed,  'he  natural  intima<'y  t)f  con- 
nection between  the  provinces  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  our  own 


U  585 


2  tra:)i:  wrnr  imrri.'^ii  north  amkricax  tkovixces. 

Xottliciii,  Xortwcstci'ii.  iuid  I^iislcni  Stiilcs,  is  stii'li  iis  ovists  lictwocn 
very  tew  of  the  jn'«'<),uriii)liic<il  sections  ol'tlic  riiioii.  Tliroii^h  iiioiv  tliaii 
li;iir  tlic  Iciin'tli  of  flu'  coti'Miiiiious  line  of  tlic  two  tcnitorios,  tlic  Nciy 
liomnliir.v  of  politic;!!  si^p, nation  is  itself  a  j^reat  natural  liijuli-road  oi' 
coniineirial  iiitcrconinmiiication — the  most  iiuijestic  ainltlio  most  useful 
of  all  tlie  ii'iand  \valei-\vays  of  Irafiic  and  ti'avel  witli  wliicli  natui'c  lias 
I'uniished  the  American  continent.  The  lakes  on  which  wo  border  at 
the  iiortli  link  us  with,  rather  than  divid<'  us  iVom,  the  for<'i,uii  border 
on  their  opposite  short's ;  while  the  fact  that  the  jureat  rivei- throu,u'i 
v.liich  their  waters  escape  to  the  sea  <li\('r,i:(''^.  at  hist,  into  that  iiei;^h- 
horin.u'  il(!!iiain,  only  adds  to  the  closeness  ot'  the  relationship  in  which 
the  two  countries  are  i)laced.  'l'li(>  territory  of  the  (Janadiaii  peninsula 
lietween  tiie  lakes  is  thrust  hke  a  wedjU'o  iut«»  the  territoiy  of  the 
Tnittd  Slates.  Across  it  lies  tlu-  s!i<u't-ci.t  o '  ti'afiic  and  travel  be- 
tween our  Xoi'thwesteru  and  our  ICastern  .state.-.  ('ioo,urai)hi<'al!y, 
in  the  natural  stnictuic  (»f  that  ener,ii('tic  /one  of  tiu' c(n!tinont  which 
lies  beiv.een  the  loiiieth  and  tlie  foity  sixt li  ])i'.railels  of  lalitu(h'. 
the  i>rovince  oi ,( }iifario  occupies,  with  reference  to  coniniei'cial  inter- 
clian,i;('s  East  and  West,  what  may  fairly  be  deseiibed  as  the  key  })ositioM 
of  the  N\hoh'.  The  lower  pr(t\iiH*e  of  <t)uebec,  thi'ou^h  v.-hu-li  tiie  St. 
Lawrence  i»asses  to  the  Atlaidic,  is  situated  wish  hardly  h'ss  advantaire. 
and  in  some  views,  which  take  account  of  tl.o  coinnuM<'!al  possibilities  of 
til!'  future,  ]»erlia[)s  with  e\'ou  moi-e.  On  the  sea'ooard  there  is  no  nat- 
ural (listinciion  or  partition  to  ite  found  bet  ween  the  nuiriiiuie  i»ro\  inces 
of  the  Dominion  and  <air  New  ICnjiland  States,  New  Uiiniswicl-;.  as  has 
been  remarked,  is  but  an  extension  of  the  State  of  .Alaiue  alon/^'  the 
r.ay  of  l''und.\',  and  Xo\a  Scoiia  is  but  a  peninsula  cleft  fiom  the  side  ot 
Xew  r.ruirsw  iclv.  The  island  provinces  that  li<' noi'th  of  those,  withiir 
or  beyond  the  (lulf  of  St.  Lawrt'nce,  aie  a  litth^  renu>V(d  froju  the 
Hiime  intimacy  of  i>'eoinraphical  and  connncn'ia.l  relationship  witli  our  own 
nutioiial  teri'itui'y,  an<l  yet.  to  the  extent  of  all  thoi-esourc's  they  ]!ossess. 
their  most  laitura!  conneciioi!  of  trade  is  with  the  I'nited  Siates,  Asto 
tlu'  new  coloidal  State  into  winch  the  IJritish  settlenu  nts  in  the  Nortli- 
west  have  just  been  rudely  mohh'd.and  the  oldi'r  but  thiidy-papulated 
]M<)vinccof  Ib'itish  ('olund)ia,on  the  Pacific  coast,  the  conditions  in  which 
they  are  })laced,  ielati\"e  to  this  couidry,  may  be  considered  more  prop 
orly  her^'after,  porhai)s. 

Tin:  ])(>:\IIN1()X  OF  C  AX  AD  A. 

Tlu'  four  i)i-ovinces  of  Oidarib,  Qnoboo,  Xow  IJrnnswiclc,  fuid  Xov;i 
■Scotia,  fornnn<;'  at  jtresent  the  ooid'eih'ratioii  known  as  the  D.xninioii  oi 
Canada,  contain  a  now  estimated  population  of  about  4,l'8o,0;H),  disided 
us  follows: 

Ontario 1>.  VM\,  3I)S 

Quel»e<' J .  -tL':*.  .j4iJ 

Xew  liruiiswiok ;>i'7,  SdU 

Xo\a  Scotia WM.  4  t!i 

Total 4. 2s;3,  lo;; 

Those  ostinnites  are  based  upon  a  eonsiis  takon  iu  1801,  ton  years  a.i»'o. 
and  tlioy  assume  for  all  the  i)rovinces  the  Siinui  rate  of  lucroaso  that 
■was  found  in  the  i>rovious  docado.  It  is  quite  ])rol)ablo  that  the  result 
ot  the  now  ceusus,  lor  whicdi  preparation  is  now  being'  made,  will  tall 


shoi't  r 
four  n 
exist  in 
of  Xo 
ward  I 
oontaiii 


Tloro 

livini;'  i 

toijoctii 

tioiis  ai 

ical  uiii 

aration, 

of  the  J. 

jUTcat  S! 

and  con 

land  St; 

nu'asuri 

in-al  ciri 

conditio 

vpU'stioii 

siderabl 

The  ave' 

capabiiii 

li'cneral 

feriility 

that  pen 

is  s\\-ept 

map  as  ( 

npp!)i!ii(' 

Mirli  aid 

eipial.  in 

them   in 

Stream,  a 

of  the   w 

Session  o 

dustry  o\ 

least,  in  ; 

forun'ui;-  1 

pirc;  in  l!i 

io  reach 

ISOW    I'hl; 

liu'i'oaso  < 

dofino  wit 

Bortli,  ox( 

Kortii  im 

dian  culti 

by  the  La 

from  it 

d,u('  foil 

#'n  bank, 

^n  direct 

#)ndint  ot 

Woot,  hov 


tradk  with  r.nrrr.sii  NOirni  amkrican  rK'oviNX'Ks. 


3 


between 
ore  tliaii 
tlic  v<'n 
i-roiul  o'l" 
st  iisei'ii! 
tiu'c  liiis 
»i)r<l<'i'  ill 
11  border 
thioii.u'a 
lit  ii('i,i:'li- 
iii  which 
)eiiiiisuhi 
y   of   th(^ 
I'iivel   be- 
ipliii'iilly, 
lit  wliich 
hititiuh'- 
i;il   iiiti'i- 
k-  position 
1  tiu'   St, 
Iviintii;;*'. 
bilitiesot 
is  no  iiat- 

])1(>\  ilM't'S 

!'k.  as  lias 

\\U)U>j:  the 

ho  side  ot 

se,  witliiir 

IVoai  the 

1  our  own 

y  ])ossess. 

"   ,     Aslo 

le  Xoith- 

i)|)u!atetl 

s  in  wliich 

tore  prop 


lid  Xovi'i 
iiiini'oa  ol 
t.  «lividc«i 


;.::7,  S<H> 
L's;},  lo;'. 


ears  a,iL!,o. 
'aM»  that 
the  result 
',  will  tall 


short  of  this  calculation  in  every  ]»rovince,  except.  perha])s.  Ontario,  and 
four  millions,  in  I'oitnd  numbers,  mav  more  sal'ely  be  set  <lown  as  the 
exislinu'  ])opnlation  of  the  l>oinini<in.  The  two  insular  judvinces, 
of  Xewfoundland,  (v.hich  includes  Cape  Ib-fton.)  and  I'riiic*'  ICd- 
ward  Island,  which  ha\'e  thus  far  I'cl'used  to  enter  the  conl'edei'alion, 
contain  i»o[)ulatioiis  estimated,  res]n'ctively,  at  1  KMMH)  nnd  !»!),()()(». 

IJESOURrKS   AND  CAl'Ar.ILITIKS. 

TIero,  then,  are  about  four  and  a  <pmrtei'  miilions  of  i»e()]»l(%  not  only 
li^•in,l;•  in  the  utmost  nearness  of  nei^hborluMxl  to  us.  but  with  such  in- 
terji'ctions  of  tenitory,  and  such  an  interlacing'  of  natiuiil  ('ommuni<'a- 
tioiis  and  connections  l)etweeii  their  country  ami  oni's,  that  the  ,ii'eo,ura]»h- 
ical  uiiit,\  of  the  two  is  a  more  conspicuous  fact  than  their  ])olitical  sep- 
aiation.  Their  numbers  exceed  by  more  than  half  a  million  the  jx'ojde 
of  tlu'  six  New  lOnyland  States,  and  about  ecpial  the  numbers  in  tln^ 
ji'reat  State  of  X(!w  York.  In  tln^  nmj;iutude  and  value  of  the  industrial 
and  commercial  interchaui^'cs  that  ar<^  carried  on  between  the  New  l'hi<>- 
laml  States  and  the  other  ]>arls  of  this  liiinii,  we  imiy  lind  no  unfair 
measure  of  the  kindred  commerce  that  would  have  existed,  under  Uiit- 
iiral  circi!iiistanc<'S,  between  those  ])eo]M<'  and  oiirs('i\es.  Such  ecpud 
conditions,  indeed,  v.onld  undoiU>tedly  have  ,i:i\en  to  the  provinc<'S  in 
(pU'stiou  it  weiii'ht  in  the  commerce  of  tin*  ^«'ortIi  America  continent  con- 
sideral)ly  ceedinj:'  the  present  wei,uiit  of  the  New  i'in.nhind  Stat»'s. 
The  aveia;.;;  capabilities  ol  their  soil  and  ciiimite  are  not  inferior  to  the 
capalMiiiies  (I.  the  six  Stat<'s  with  wiiich  1  compare  tliein,  while  their 
{general  resources  are  yreater  and  more  varied,  Ontario  possesses  a 
leriiiity  with  which  no  part  of  Mew  iMi^land  can  at  all  compare,  and 
that  peninsular  section  of  it  around  which  the  circle  of  the  .^reat  lakes 
is  swejit,  forces  itself  upon  th(^  notice  of  any  student  ol'  the  American 
map  as  one  of  the  favored  si)ots  of  the  wiiole  (M>ntineat — as  one  ctf  the 
nppointed  hivin.n'  ])la('es  of  indjistry,  where  ]>opnlation  ou^ht  to  bi'ced 
Avith  almost  neluian  fecauidity.  A  lar,i>'e  section  ol'  (^)uel>;'c  is  at  least 
equa.i,  in  soil  and  climate,  to  its  Ne\\  En^^land  neii^hbors,  while,  it  ri\als 
them  in  the  ])ossession  of  water  povv'er,  whic'ii  is  fnrnislied  by  e\-ery 
Stream,  and  while  it  commands  easier  and  c  (Uper  access  ti>  the  markers 
of  the  western  interior.  As  for  the  maritime  ])rovinc"s,  their  ])os- 
Session  of  abundant  coal  .yives  them  one  of  the  prime  advanta.ues  of  in- 
dustry over  the  conti.n'uons  States.  Alonu'  with  this  ]>ai'iry,  to  say  the 
least,  in  all  that  is  essential  to  a  viu'orous  d.'N'elopment.  the,  i)ro\inees 
forinin.i;'  the  l,)omiiiii)n — I'ven  if  we  exc'.ide  tliat  vast  seat  of  future  em- 
pire in  th(^  basin  of  Lake  W'inniiieji',  wliich  lies  wailing  for  ci\  ili/aiion 
to  reacli  it — occupy  a  territorial  area  wifliin  v.hich  the  ]»o])ulation  of 
Kew  En,:niand  or  New  Vork  mi.uilt  bi'  seveia!  times  mnltiplie<l  without 
increase  of  density.  The  ar<'a  of  Ontario  and  (^>iu'bec  it  is  im[>ossible  to 
deline  Avlth  exactness,  for  the  reascm  that  they  have  jio  boundary  on  the 
north,  ex<'ei>t  tlie  linnts  to  civili/ed  settlement  which  the  climate  of  the 
Korth  im|K)ses,  uheie^'er  that  may  be.  I'ractically,  the  limits  of  Cana- 
llian  cultivation  and  settkMnent  were  marked,  until  a  very  recent  jteriod, 
by  the  liaurentian  ranji'e  of  hills  and  the  broken  spurs  thi,it  are  thrown 
^t1' from  it  across  the  head  of  tluMvestern  peninsula.  Tiiis  bai'ren.  rocky 
ijldjie  follows  a  line  nearly  ])arallel  with  tlu^  St.  Lawrence  on  its  n^nth- 
ffl'U  !)ank,  up  to  lln'  vicinity  of  .^lontreal,  where  it  strikes  away  in  a  west- 
0tu  direction,  indicated  by  the  couise  of  the  Ottawa  liiver,  wliich  is  the 
GDuduit  of  the  water-shed  of  the  Lanrentian  elevation.  A  broad  otV- 
«f|ioot,  however,  of  the  same  priniitive  ui)heaval  is  traced  iu  a  belt  of 


4 


TIJADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    A^IERICAX   rROVIN'CES. 


foibiddiii;:'  tiMTitory,  wlicrc  swniiin  ami  rock  arc  intenniii«j;l(!(l,  iVoiii  the 
Ottawa  Jiivcj-  to  (Jr(M)i};ian  Uay. 

Up  to  llic  pivsciit  tiiiK'  tlirso  nubiddin*;'  bairicis  liavo  inacth'ally 
tbnncd,  in  both  provinces,  the  noithcin  boninhuy  of  Canadian  cnltiva- 
ti(»n  and  setth'nicnt,  \vhi«'li  spread  slowly  and  feebly,  without  the  same 
iinjx'tus  and  nionientnm  that  characterize  the  ]>ioneer  inovenient  in  the 
I'nited  States.  Within  a  tew  years  ]»ast,  however,  it  has  been  discov- 
ered, and  miw  it  seems  to  be  a  well-deteiinined  laet,  tliat  beyond  the 
Jiaurentian  belt  there  arc  larjic  tracts  of  juoductive  territory,  capable  of 
well  sustaining"  no  very  sctanty  population,  excn  when  strippe<l  ol"  the 
timber  which  constitutes  their  liist  vabu'.  The  ollieially  ])ublished  re- 
))orts  of  surveys  made  «lurin,i>'  lale  yi'ars  within  thoM'  rcj^io'.is,  which  1 
have  examined  with  a  j;'<)od  deal  of  carefulness,  show  ;4r«'atine(piality  in 
the  value  of  tlu'  lands,  nmny  distri(;(s  of  fertile  soil  iM'in;:!,'  curiously  in- 
termixed with  sections  that  are  actually  or  almost  incai)able  of  cultixa- 
tion.  r>ut  these  reports,  if  at  all  correctt,  leave  no  doul)t  that  on  the 
u])i)er  Ottawa,  in  the  basin  of  liake  Nippissiny,  alonji' the  eastern  shores 
of  (b'oiji'ian  P.ay,  and  even  to  some  extent  on  the  northern  shore  of 
Lake  Supcricu',  there  arc  very  considerable  areas  that  will  ultimately 
.U'ivc  su]»i)ort  to  a  hardy  and  enterjuisin^'  jjopulation.  Lar«ie  tra(;ts  ot 
this  new  domain  have  been  set  apart  by  the  jtrovincial  authorities  a>s 
"free  ,urant  lands,"  to  be  }>iveu  to  actual  settlers  on  tcriuM  very  nearly 
like  the  terms  of  the  "homestead  act"  in  the  United  States,  and  under 
the  stimulus  of  that  wise  i)olicy  their  settlement  has  commenced  witii 
some  activity  and  ])romise. 

To  what  extent  the  mineral  resources  of  the  infertile  Laurentian  belt 
render  that  cai)able  of  •iivin.u'  life  to  industry  and  sujjport  to  a  jiopula- 
tion,  it  is  imi)ossible  to  say.  .Just  enoujih  has  so  far  been  discovered  to 
indicate  that  the  ndneral  dei)osits  within  and  on  the  flanks  of  the  ran<;e 
may  prove  to  be  (luite  an  imi>ortant  element  of  the  wealth  of  the  Cana- 
das.  iJoth  iron  and  lead  nuiu's  have  been  oi>cned  and  worked  to  some 
extent  north  of  Kin<iston  ;  Acry  valuable  deposits  of  |)bnnba<i'o  have 
lately  be<'n  found  ami  opened;  jj;()ld  is  extensively  indicated  thi()U<»hout 
a  wi<le  rej;ion  in  both  i)rovinces,  and,  more  than  probably,  Mill  yet  be 
found  in  protitable  <piantities;  a  beautiful  marble  is  already  bcMUj;'  quar- 
ried ;  the  cop])er  nnnes  on  the  north  shore  of  LakeSui)eriorare  un<pu\s- 
tionably  of  j^reat  future  value,  and  recent  developnu'uts  ^o  to  show  that 
the  same  rcjuion  is  remarkably  rich  in  silver.  Alto.n'ether,  it  may  be 
assumed  that  the  ])roductive  and  habitable  territory  of  the  Canadas  is 
not  eouiined  to  their  tillable  lands. 


COMPARATIVE    AREA    AND  POPULATION. 

The  commonly  stated  area  of  the  province  of  Ontario  is  121,200  square 
miles,  and  of  the  province  of  (Quebec  210,000  s<iuare  miles.  The  actual 
area  of  habital;le  and  i)roductive  territory  belouginj;'  to  them  nmy  be 
estimated,  1  think,  at  about  .■>0,000  s(puire  nnles  for  each.  AVithin  that 
area  in  Ontaiio  the  capabilities  of  development,  making"  all  due  allow- 
ance for  whatever  iiu'onsiderable  difi'erences  of  climate  exist,  would 
seem  to  be  fully  ecpial  to  the  capabilities  of  the  State  of  Xew  York,  and 
if  Ontario  had  kept  pace  in  its  growth  with  New  Y(uk,  as  there  seems 
to  be  no  natural  reason  why  it  sliould  not  have  done,  (if  mc  exclude 
New  York  Uity  from  the  c«)mparison,)  tl  .?  population  of  that  province 
Avould  now  have  exceeded  *bur  millions  instead  of  two.  The  province 
of  (^)uebec  may  be  fairly  nuNisured  in  the  same  nmnner  with  the  States 
of  5Jew  Hampshire  and  Yermont,  whose  capabilities  are  no  greater, 


s. 


TRADE    WITH    J'.RITISII    1>JRTI1    AMKRICAX    PROVINCES. 


5 


,  IVoiii  the 

»ia('ti'<'iilly 
I)  cultivii- 

tllC    SilllM' 

cut  ill  tlic 
I'll  (liscov- 
I'voiid  tlic 

hh\  of  the 
>lislM'(l  rc- 
s,  wliich  I 
(Hiiility  ill 
lionsly  iii- 
)f  eultivii- 
iiit  on  the 
erii  slioios 
I  slioiv  <>r 
ultiniiitely 

('  tliKttS  ot 

hoiities  as 
oiy  nearly 
iind  nnder 
Miced  wilii 

}ntian  T^elt 

I  a  ]toj)nla- 

('()\  oietl  to 

'the  ran};c 

the  Cana- 

d  to  some 

haji'o  have 

!iron<»;hont 

ill  yet  be 

'in*;'  quar- 

re  un(iue.s- 

diow  that 

it  may  be 

;anadas  is 


I 


200  s(inare 
The  aetnal 
m  may  be 
ithin  that 
due  allow- 
st,  would 
York,  and 
lere  seems 
e  exclude 
t  province 
province 
the  States 
o  greater, 


uotwitlistaiidini;' the  somewhat  more  ri<i'orons  winter  climate  to  \\hi<'h 
it  is  exposed.  A  popuhition  in  (>|iiel»ec  pr(>|>ortioned  to  that  of  New 
lliiiiipshire  and  N'crmont  would  exceed  by  not  less  than  half  a  million 
what  the  pi'o\iiicc  now  contains;  while  Nova  Scotia  and  Newllriins- 
wicU,  po]»iilatcd  in  the  same  rntio  as  Miiiiie,  of  which  they  are  the  coun- 
terpart, would  contain  to-(l;iy  a  million  of  smds. 

CATSHS   or    TA1M)V   OKOWTII. 

'^I'hat  the  four  ])ro\  inccs  of  the  Doininion  (h»  not  at  the  present  day 
exhibit  a  popniation  of  from  six  to  sev«'n  millions  of  people,  with  cor- 
rcs])o!idiim'  wciilth  ;ind  coircspoiKliiiy'  activities  of  industry,  is  the  wvy 
plain  and  nnniistakablc  consequence  of  the  fact  that  they  have  not  re- 
cei\''<i  tlieii'  iiatiual  sliaie  of  rhe  ener,ui<'s  that  arc  at  work  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  American  continent;  ami  that  fact  is  <'learly  to  be  traced 
to  their  isolation  from  the  free  ini  ■rclian;;e  of  acti\ities,  in  a  connncr- 
cial  way,  which  the  rest  of  the  Au^lo-Saxon  commnnities  of  America 
liave  secured  by  their  national  confederation.  To  the  mere  ])olitical 
<listiiiction  l)ctween  the  dependent  iJiiti.-h  provinces  and  ourseh'es,  or 
lathei'  to  such  dilfeicncc  as  exists  between  their  form  of  ])oiMilar  j^ox- 
<'riiment  and  onr  own.  I  should  .uive  no  wci.iiht  amoii;i>-  the  immediate 
causes  of  the  slower  growth  that  they  exliil>it.  The  political  institu- 
tions of  the  ill-named  dominion  of  (\uia<hi  are  scarcely  less  republican, 
<'ither  in  operation  (  '•  in  principle,  than  our  own,  and  cannot  reasonably 
be  charged  with  exertin.n',  in  or  of  themselves,  any  disaih  anta^^'eons  in- 
fluence ii]»oii  The  country.  Kven  as  concerns  the  intiuciice  of  republican 
aspirations  npiui  immigration  from  the  older  world,  it  may  be  seriously 
doubted  wlu'thcr  ]n'actical  consiiU'rations  do  not  almost  wholly  control 
the  choice  which  the  iinnii,i;rant  makes  of  this  c«uuitry  rather  than  of 
Canada.  Jle  has  been  led,  and  by  f>«iod  reasons,  to  exitect  that  he  will 
iind  in  the  United  vStates  /greater  a<'tivities,  wider  and  more  numerous 
o]>lMUtnnities,  and  tlu^  stir  of  a  more  vi<;orons  life.  The  superior  vijior, 
which  ap])cars  ])atent  to  the  outside  world,  is  as  simply  explained  as  it 
is  undiMiiable.  From  the  immense  diversity  of  resources  ami  i)roduct- 
ive  cai)abilities  in  the  vast  territory  that  we  occupy,  with  its  many  zones 
of  climate,  its  nmny  variations  of  soil,  its  multiform  structure,  its  trii)le 
seaboard,  its  inland  s«'as  and  its  j^reat  rivers,  its  prairies  and  its  nn)un- 
tains  of  every  mineral,  we  derive  a  (;ertain  mutual  i)lay  of  industrial 
forces,  acting  and  reacting  ui)on  each  other  with  unrestricted  and  per- 
fect freedom,  which  is  wondeifully  cumulative  and  wonderfully  stimu- 
lating— beyond  anything,  in  fact,  that  has  been  known  in  the  experience 
of  rhe  world  before;  and  the  secret  of  it  all  is  the  freedom  of  the  diver- 
^jsitied  intercliang(\  The  eftect  halts  where  that  treedcun  of  industrial 
'  <'ommerc<'  nu'cts  with  interference.  The  custom-houses  of  the  national 
frontier  paralyze  it  more  than  half;  and  we  should  iind,  it"  we  could 
examine  closely  enough,  that  it  is  in  Just  the  degree  that  the  neighbor- 
ing provinces  are  cut  off,  by  their  political  isolation,  from  the  free  cir- 
cula^^ion  of  the  i)roductive  and  commercial  energies  of  the  continent, 
that  they  have  fallen  behind  their  sister  communitu\s  of  the  same  ori- 
gin and  the  same  character  in  material  i>rogress. 

1  hax'c  [)laced  the  subject  in  this  view  ibr  tli«»  ])ui'])ose  of  suggesting 
the  loss  that  we  sustain,  as  a  nation,  from  the  unfortunate  causes  wliicli 
have  siunted  the  natural,  or  at  least  the  otherwise  possible,  develop- 
ment of  so  large  and  so  im])ortantly  related  a  se(;tion  of  the  (!ommou 
;domain  of  Anglo-America.     lfourlot<s  is  vastly  less,  even  proportion- 
( ately,  than  that  of  the  provincial  peoi)le,  it  is,  nevertheh'ss,  a  very  serious 
one.     It  is  the  deprivation  of  what  unglit  have  been  and  what  might  still 


6 


TKADi;  WITH  r.i.'riisii  xDirru  amkimcax  imjovincks. 


be  fully  (HH'-«'i,ulifli  iiddcd  to  tlic  iKM'iiiiiiihitiii;^'  iiiotnciitiiin  (tf  llic  iiidiis- 
triiil  (MM'i'iiics  Itywliicli  wciiic  cjinicd  (orwiinl.  irtlicsjimc  iiilcicliiiiijic 
tliiit  exists  Ix'twccii  tlic  Stiites  (tl'  tlic  Aiiicriciiii  I'liioii  Ii:mI  ('\ist<'<l  l»c- 
twccii  tliosc  Sliitcsiiiid  the  ii('i.u!dMuiii,n' |ti<»\  iiiccs,  we  should  now  iiiipiirt 
to  tliciii.  it  is  diK',  tlic  iU'tivitirs  of  forty  inillioiis  ol' people,  wliile  tliey 
jiiv(^  buck  to  MS  the  rcspondiiiii'  iu'tivitics  of  six  or  scxcii  iMillioiis;  hiii 
tliiif  is  Jill  iii<'(|u;ility  of  «'\chimu('  wliicli  \v<'  hiisc  found,  between  oui' 
Union  sit   hir.i;'e  nnd  its  seveiul  Stutes.  to  lie  iiiurNcllously  prolitiible. 

in  the  exliuortliiiiuy  impulse  of  udviinccincnl  tlnit  wus  jni\-en  to  the 
])ro\iiices,  iind  piiiticiihiiiy  to  Oiiturio.  (then  Tppci-  Ciiiiiidii,)  hy  the 
opcriiti<Mi  of  the  so  <'iillc(l  tiealy  of  reciprocity,  duriu};'  the  ele\eii  yeurs 
of  its  existence,  ii  niurked  jind  si;^'nitic;iiit  illiisiriition  wus  nfforded  of 
the  iiiii.unitude  oi'  tin-  inllueiice  which  liinitiitions  put  upon  the  freedom 
of  i'oniniei'ciiil  inler<'ourse  between  their  producers  and  ours  exert  o// 
fluiii.  rnlortnuiitely,  we  were  not  peiiuitted,  upon  our  own  side,  to  learn 
Jis  lully,  IViUU  the  expeiience  of  tliat  treaty,  the  value  to  oiir.srirrs  of  a 
state  of  IVeedoni  in  the  interchanges  of  the  two  countries.  As  1  desire 
to  show  picsently.  the  adjiistiiient  ol'  the  i)artial  iVee  trade  established 
by  the  treaty  negotiated  in  ISol  was  such  is  to  render  its  operation 
v<'ry  far  from  reciproc;il  or  iMpiitable,  for  the  reason  that  tlu'  sclu'dule 
of  commodities  <;overed  by  it,  while  it  emiuaced  on  the  oiu;  hand  nearly 
everythinji'  tliat  the  provinces  ]»roduce,  include  1,  on  the  other,  but  a 
limited  number  of  the  prodnctions«d'  whit-h  this  c  uintry  desires  to  extend 
its  sah';  and  i'ov  the  fai'  jiicater  reason  that  the  cmiimodities  made  IVee 
were  almost  wholly  ot  a  desciiptioji  for  wliicii  the  pro\inces  could  olier 
no  market  to  us  comnuMisurate  with  the  markets  that  the  lTnite<l  States 
o])ened  to  them. 

It  was  simply  im]>ossil)le  that  an  arran^veuM'ut  of  incomi)lete  free 
trade  so  non-reciprocal,  so  one-sided  '  i  its  operation,  ami  so  ]>rovokiniuly 
the  rec  s  the  treaty  of  1<S.")1  was,  of  a  sharply-forced  l>ar<iain  on  the 

tisheri;  .-stion,  could  be  allowed  to  continue   beyond   the  term   for 

M  liich  it  was  contracted.  It  was  Justly  abro,uate)l  in  ISOU  by  the  act  of 
this  (lovernment,  with  the  \ery  j^cneral  samtion  of  i)ublic  opinion  in 
the  country;  ami  yet  there  arc  prol)al)ly  few  anu>ii;;'  those  who  op- 
])()sed  the  continuation  of  the  r<';'ipr(n'ity  treaty  of  l.S.l-t,  and  who 
op[)ose  its  renewal  in  any  similar  Ibrm,  who  are  not  fidly  (convinced  that 
an  intimate,  unr<'stricted  commerce  with  the  nei^Lihborin.n'  communities 
Avould  be  of  <:reat  beuelit  to  this  country,  as  it  certainly  would  be  an 
inealenlabl(!  stimulant  to  the  j;rowth  oi  those  communities.  The  (jues- 
tion  is  one  of  adjustments.  Free  trade,  or  any  approach  to  naturalness 
of  comnmrcial  interccuirse  between  these  ([uasi-foreii;ii  nei.i;hbors  and 
ourselves,  is  imi)ossible,  unless  the  outside  conditions  and  commercial 
relations  of  the  two  countries  vdu  be  brou<;ht  into  harmony  with  each 
other.  That  is  the  inrportant,  ami,  in  fact,  the  only  point  of  in(piiry 
in  the  matter.  If  the  exterior  relations  of  the  two  countries  were  so 
adjusted  to  one  another  as  not  to  interfere  on  either  side  with  a  natural 
circulation  of  free  trade  between  themselves,  probably  not  one  intelli- 
gent voice  would  be  raised  against  the  abolition  of  every  custom  house 
oil  our  northern  frontier. 

PRESENT  TRADE  WITH  T[IE  DOMINIOX. 

The  provinces  confederated  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  are  two  mil- 
lions in  population,  as  I  am  forced  to  believe,  an<l  several  hundred  mil- 
lions of  dollars  in  wealth,  behind  ^iiat  they  would  now  have  exhibited 
had  they  enjoyed  from  the  beginninn'  free  intereoiuse  in  trade  with 
these  United  States.    As  they  stand,  liowcver,  they  form  a  very  import- 


ant bo( 
accor<li 
in  the 
ihcy  >(' 

of  ><.~>(i. 

St  a  list  I 
I  >!i:uiiij 
the  ('ill 
oi  ihc  1 
l!ie  iiiiji 
raiio  c\ 

'Ihc 
J  )omiiii 
return 


Sl(il(  iiinil 


Qllclicc  . . 

Oiii.irio  . . 
!Nmv;i  Sr  iti:i 

K>»     lll'lli.Sl 

Totii) 


<}ncl)c<-   .... 

Oii(arii) 

Niiv;i  Sriitia 
Ni-u-  I'>i-iiiisv 


Total  . 


Sl((t<  IllCIlt  o 
((I)  (I  (11 1  en 
'Jane  :iO, 


)u('1ii>n 

|iitiii-ii>    

|t)Vii  Scotia. 

ti'U-  Jil'IIII.SVVi 

^        Total  . , 


piclipp 

iiiiiiio 

Viva  Sif)tia . . 
t'w  Briinswi 

Total  .. 


s. 


Tu.viJH  WITH  p.inri8i[  noijiii  American  rwoviNnr^. 


Iw  iiidiis  ;,in  body  of  inddiiccrs  iiiiil  consiiiiirrs  lor  ii-<  to  (Nsil  witli.  Liist  yciii', 
('i<'liimj;('  fiiccoKliii;^-  lo  llicir  own  oHiciiil  stiitisli<'s  of  trade,  tlicy  wnr  luin'hiiscrs 
vislcd  lu'-  ji,  tlif  iiiiiilccts  ol  tlu' outside  world  to  flu- iiiiioiiiit  of  ."ij^Tl.-.'liKl'ST.  and 
tliey  Nol<l  III  tlie  same  iiiaikets  jtrodiictioiis  of  tlieir  own  to  the  anioiim 
of  M.-fil^OSlJlL',  (values  ill  ;;()ld.)  Of  these  transactions  llie  ('.inadian 
.statistics  show  less  than -'>.")  per  cent,  of  the  foi'ei^n  imrchases  of  the 
Doiiiiiiioii,  a.uainst  ol  |>ei"  cent,  of  its  ioi'ei;^!!  sales,  \o  hav«-  l»een  made  in 
tlie  Tnited  Slat«'s.  In  reality,  as  will  appeav  upon  a  further  examination 
ol  I  h(-  lac  is,  the  exports  from  the  Dominion  to  i  he  I'nited  States  e\ce;tl 
the  iinporis  iVom  i  lie  I  iiited  States  into  the  Dominion  to  the  extent  oi'  a 
laiio  e\en  ,nreater  t  han  that. 

'1  he  lollow  iii;^'  tallies  exhiliit  the  commerce  of  the  four  in'oviiu'csof  flie 
J)ominioii  f.»r  the  last  two  liscal  years,  as  represented  in  the  oi'iicial 
ret  in  lis  compiled  hy  the  commissioner  of  «aistoiiis  at  Ottawa  : 


iw  impai't 
Idle  they 
ions  ;  Imi 
ween  onr 
ilitahle. 
•n  to  the 
,)  l.y  the 
,en  years 
florded  ol 
'  freedom 
,  exert  on 
i>,  to  learn 

7(V'.S'    of    II 

■<  1  desire 
ilablished 
operation 
sclicdnle 
lid  ueaily 
ler.  luit  a 
to  extend 
made  free 
)iild  olfer 
e<l  States 

ilete  free 

ivokiiiijly 

lin  on  the 

term   for 


•j'OTAL  mi'oiiTS  Ol'  Tin:  i)()>riNi()X. 

<S'/((/(  iiii'lll  of  Ihi   V<ihir  of  (lit/chs   Uttpofhtl  iiilo  lln    I loliiiliioii  of  ('inu((!'(  (did  rlilrrrd  for  foil' 
miiiijilioii  ill  llii'  two  fixval  j/nirn  I'liilnl  ,/iiiic  ;>(',  isii'.l  (tnd  [••',{). 

1  Fl'Dlil  '.'iiii^iiliiiil  iilliri;il  ITtiirilH.I 


l-'iiiiii  (iiciil     l-'riim  I'liitcil 
I>rit;ii!i.  SliilcH. 


1809. 


Qiii'lic'C 

Oiil,ir;o 

^uv^i  S.'.,ti;i 

K>u  IJnii.swick 


81!',  H0(),  u;tii 
f,  .M7,  :t;i!» 

I,  (H)-,',  lIH.'i 

;t.  :i-'".,."iiii 


irti,  ii:r,  hn4 

14.  .Mill,  177 

'i,  Mi,  ii-j;t 

•J,  I."i4.  7(11 


Kldlll  illl 

(itlii  r  i-iiiiii- 

irii'.s. 


$:t,  7411,  7:n 

."i,-7,'J4-i 

I,  I. -li.  :!•,'.•. 

•  140.  (i-."i 


■I'lilal. 


§'j:i,  .71.".,  177 

•,';(,  7v!4, 7(14 

7.7i!i.  ;::t;i 

I.,  :!-j.  r;  II 


Total '      [i'>,  7t)4,  47(1  , 

1870.  ~ 


•J"),  47;j,  70.) 


fi,  (!ii,:i:t-2 
J4.  o,ii,;i4o 

■J.  ■,'.7>.  (I7!l 

l..-j:i,  :i-jo 
•J4,  7-J4. 1)71 


u,  Uhi,  im 


t;7,  4II-J.  170 


.7,  17  (.370  : 
lili|.-J'W  \ 
1,  li.'rj.  'J. '7 
'7:ir!l.7l 


•24.:,::ti  4.77 

r,  nil-,  ii:a 
u,  .7:i-j.  .-v:7 


7.1UI),  (l.-.i 


n,-j:i:i,  1H7 


(Jii('i)i'c  CO,  ;i.--,>,  -j'o 

Olllaiiu i  0,  f  iV,  ^^.7 

the  act  of    >f"\'i  sii.iia 4, ii'.iT, 7r. 

.     •  •  Niw  luiiii.swick ;t.  077,  .7.7:i 

(pinion  111  

who    op-  ■'■"'•'' !     :'••-.•'•"•"'. ■•:« 

and   who      - 

need  that  iaiinjuts  itiom  Tin:  inj 

iimmities 

lid    be    '111      St((l<  niciit  of  Ihf  nihic  of  ijood:<  iiiijioytid  iulo  llic  lioui'hiioii  of  Ciniitdd  froiii  Ihc  Viiiiid  Sto'rs 
.,,,  iiiu!  ciilriTil  I'oi'  co'ii^iuiijii'ioii,  ((■.r<ln>:ir<  id'  coin  mill  biiHioii.^  diirimi  lln  hvo  liwii}  muvx  ciidiini 

i  III      jin  .  -  ,/((;/(■  ;UI,  lS(.il  (iinl  !  -'/U,  dixliiiijiusliiii/i  Ihoxc  iritjch  paid  ihi';/  from  llioxc  1  nlcnd  Jra  of  diit;/. 


l.AIl'(JUTS   F\H)M   Tin:    I'NITHD    STATKS. 


tuvalness 

)ors  and 

iminercial 

vitli  each 

iiKpiiry 

were  so 

a  natural 

110  intelli- 

om-liouse 


I  !■'!•(  I!  M  C.iiMdiMii  iiniiial  li'tiinis.] 


1»69. 


luclM'P 

Jlitaiio    

■  ovii  Si'dtia 

li'U-  lUim.swick 


Total 


1870. 


two  mil-  f"'!"^.'' 3,044,.7:f 

-        ,         .,  IftilaiiK 1..  •.. 

dred  mil-  »>vMS,..tia 

»xljil)ited  #^^"i5nuiswifk 


idc  with    s 
y  import- 


Total 


Diitiabli!. 

i 

Total. 

Duties  C'll- 
li'cted. 

$3,010.(104 

:i,  110,  iii!) 
ctio,  i;'-j 

1,  104,  ;!Ki 

.?:!,  144,  (!30 
7.(10.-,  !^40 

l,^■'.'!l,  t;;i:t 
1,11.711,  :tH 

.*ii.  0.74  (;:in 

10,  73-.  03;j 

3.  :i.7!).  &.::> 

3.  1.74,  701 

$')7.-.  (iiilJ 
.7,70.  (;|8 

314.  o;i3 

7,  ','Xi,  Uf 

1;),  7()H,  43!i 

31.407,  1.-3 

1.  .7(;,7.  ,7i;;i 

3,  044,  .7.'!.-. 

3, 013,  ;i(W 
7ii;t,  f4i\ 
07p'.  o:i(i 

1 

3,  400,  7.7f. 

7,  340,  1711 

1,  404,  3;t:) 

.■^45,  334 

(5,4.74.301 

11,  llil..747 

3.  3.7.-.  07!) 

1.  f3:t,  ;t30 

73:(.  407 
(i74.  371 
no.  7(18 
l^-J.  713 

t?,  (JOf,  «4."i 

13,m)i:',;W3 

31,  (i!i7,  3.i7 

1,7(10.  34^i 

\    ^ 

• 


*w> 


r4      ^ 


^ 


4 


} 


8 


TRADK    WITH    lUJITlSII    XOKTII    AMKlflCAX    PKOVIXCKS. 


\ 


lAIPolJTS    IIJOM    (ilJHAT    IMMTAIN. 

Sliifiiiniil  ill'  till  rdhic  of  jiinnlx  inijii'ihd  iiilii  llii'  htiiiiiiiiitu  nf  CiiiKiilii  from  dntil  lirilniit  iim! 
ritri'cti  fur  <oiiiiiiiiii>liiiii,  (rxiliiniri-  nf  vniii  t(ii)l  Inilliini,)  iliiriii;!  Ilir  lira  fixrid  i/rtirx  cikIiii.j 
Jiiiir  IiH,  l,~l>',l  (tiiil  H7(»,  tlixliniinixliiiiii  llmsr  irliiili  jxiiil  iliilji  Irmii  lltom  viilvrni  fric  of  diilji. 


(,)uiUi'c 

Oiit.iriii 

Nn\  ;|  Si'lilill    .  . 

Ni  V.  r>niii»\vi( 


'riii^l 


(,)llill(T 

Oniai  ii) 

Nii\  ii  ScDiiii   . .  . . 
Ntw  Jinuisw  icU 

Tot  ill 


Il'idiii  Cmiailiiiii  otlU'iul  letui'iiM.I 


l^dit. 


Ir-tO. 


Diiiiiilili', 


Vvi 


'Intnl. 


;      Ulllir.H  (Mil 
Inhtt. 


;i. -J- 1,  Kill 
y. ;  I.I,  -.  1 1 

•Jt*.  IHIJ,  (H.-i 


M..T.:i.  rtr 

^.  (i!i|.  Vl,"! 

;i,  .'itii,!).- 1 


ei.^Vi,  (Ml 
.'pII-J.  ."iIIII 

v.>i.  nil 
,«l  i,  ■,ti(l 


??l!>,  ;t."pH,  into 
^,  ."il'..:t:i!i 
•t.Diij,  ii,-;. 
;i,.v..."iiii 


*••.',  ;i7 1, 1 1 
l,:u-,,-... 

,'il  I,  II. 


7,()i;j,  uu  I    ;jr>, -I"!!,  itN         -i,?!!!!,  ■;.. 


1, 'TiV  lo.'i  i     in,  ;wj,  o;t-)  a.  ;uw.  i.- 

I,  1 1::,  I  in  n,  r-:;',,  m-.-,  i,  ki;.  i  .. 

r:;i;, (iir.  .1, icn. vj:>  ui-\.  in 

■;;i,  iiii  ;i, 'i;;,  ."u;i  (i-ji.:i.!i 


lid.  (I-,'-,',  \ii> 


■.II,  117 


;n.,-.:i;,  oil.". 


:>.  ti;!T,  i:; 


.">i;  ))<' 

cent. 

yciirs. 

T\w 

TOTAL  EXPORTS   oF   'niK   DOMlXloX. 


^ 


tSliiiiiiiciit  {if  Ihi-  raliif  of  (loiiils,  ilir  ijron-lh,  jiroiJiur,  and  uuiim  Did  lire  of  (lie  Ihniiiiiioii  <;' 
I  ((iui(l)i.  (■.(■porhtl  from  tin-  I'ci'-  '  pruriiicrx,  {(.rdiisirc  of  (aiii  <ni«(  liiillioit,)  <liiriii<l  ll(r  lui 
Jifniil  iiiiiifi  vikIkI  ./iiiiv  ;il>,  I'ili'..'  (tiu!  H7n. 

[I'm. 11  Cauuihiiu  ullic-ial  ixtunis.] 


Til  till' I'liitcd       'I'll      (iii'iit      Tdtnl    ('xpDil.^ 
States.         I      Jil'itaiii.         t(iullciiuiitrii>. 


18G!). 

f?''"'"^'' 

Ontario 

Nova  Sent  la 

X>',\v  15niiis\vi,k 

Total 

1870. 

CJii.l.i'c 

Outaiio 

Xovii  Scotia 

X'i'w  Jii'iiiiswick 

Total 


.*:.,  n-j7, 27(i  |i(i,;)ii.«.-.' 

1.".,  1-7,  W)!l  74-J,  »;-(i 

1,  K!l,l.,-.4  •    -lIKi,  77!» 

!>!M,  (KM)  I         2,  i»;)l..-).l-' 


',»:!,  (1-1(1,  7;)!l  !       -2(1,  IS.'i,  KW  j 


2H,  772,  ;512 


il.KiO,  ilt^7 


^3:!,  .">i(i.  (r.i 
i.'i,  Mtii, -I": 

,''.,  (i:il,r.V' 
•1.  ^ll,  r-'i 


4!t,  a23.:i(ll 


C,  880,  44n 

1", 

r.:)8, 

842 

27, 

121, 

()7i 

18,017,212 

1, 

21(1, 

!ti-l» 

19. 

2:j.-., 

Itlii. 

1,  47:1,  8!).') 

:)!!-. 

it2.''. 

:>. 

0(ii, 

(Hi; 

2,  1(10,  7,'')!l 

1, 

DOit, 

2:u 

■I. 

:t(j:t, 

I7i 

5(1,  081,  II  ■. 


ANALYSIS  OF   CANADIAN  FOREIGN  COMMERCE. 

All  niijilysis  ot'tho  foreji'oing  tables  of  imports  shows  some  facts  wliicli 
it  is  well  to  note  in  passiii**'. 

Of  the  iinpoi'ts  of  tlie  Doniiiiion,  ~)'^  per  cent,  in  tlie  fiscal  year  lS(!!i 
an<l  54  per  cent  in  1S7()  were  from  Great  Britain  ;  .'i^i  per  cent,  in  l.Sli!' 
and  not  qnite  35  per  cent,  in  1S70  were  from  the  United  States,  and  '.' 
and  11  i»er  (;ent.  in  the  two  years,  respectively,  were  the  proportions  el 
ini])ortation  from  all  other  conntrii  s. 

The  duty-])ayiii<>'  imports  from  (ireat  Ihitain  into  the  Dominion  Ibrineii 
So  per  cent,  of  the  entire  imports  from  that  nation  both  in  18(>M  jiiiii 
1870,  and  only  20  per  ce:;t.  were  of  conniiodities  admitted  free  :  ^vlKle  bin 


:eh. 


TK'ADK    WriH    I'lltlTISII    XOUTII    AMi:iM('A\    I'K(  )VIN('i:S. 


lit  IliUahi  mil! 
•I  //('</ /'.f  cikIiii., 
t'tlj'rtcit/diilj'i. 


Irrt.a. 


) 
1 

1 

1 

?•• 

'.  :iTi.  II 

,:il',v  ■ 
.v.i:i, ! . 
.'ill,  11 - 

1 

1,  *it'.i,  ■;... 

3  i 

a. 

MVi. 

vli'' 

1 

1, 

107. 

I.M 

' 

liCI. 

III 

1 

(.•Jl. 

:i.!i 

j.  (i;!T,  i:! 


r  Dmiiiii'iiiu  (; 
I  (Itdiiit/  //((■  Im 


Ti)tiil   I'xiiiirl^ 
ti)iillt'i)uiitii(> 


e-2;t. 

'Hit. 

or.i 

l.-l. 

'j:w. 

■1".- 

n, 

(-:tl, 

r.'i. 

■1, 

^ll. 

,*•'  I 

•ji) 

a-J3, 

Uli: 

. - 

— — — 

2T 

•121, 

(;:i 

1!) 

2:).-). 

:i(ii 

5 

(Mil, 

(i;!. 

1 

:«;:(. 

i:i 

0(1 

(ISl 

I!". 

acts  wliicli 

year  ISO'i 
nt.  in  l.SdV 
ivU'S,  and  '. 
portions  oi 

ion  fbrinci! 
18G'.)  ami 


."»li  |M'r  ccnr.  of  tlic  imports  IVoiii  llic  rnitcil  St;it«'s  in  1S(;!»  imd  |()  per 
<'('iit.  in  1S7(I  piiid  tliity.  ;'ii(l  '!!  per  coiit.  and  (111  per  cent,  in  tiir  two 
years,  respect IncIv,  entered  free. 

'I'lie  duties  collected  on  tlie  dntialtle  imports  irom  tlie  I'nittd  States 
"vveie  lit  tJM' a\era<ie -ate  of  L'O  per  «'ent.  on  tin'  returned  valiM'  in  isd!), 
and  \*.K'>  per  cent,  in  !s70;  wliile  tiie  duty  <'(tlleeted  on  tiie  dnlinlilc^ 
imports  IroMi  (Irent  Uritniii  wns  at  tlie;  aNcra;;*' rate  of  HI. S  per  cent,  in 
l^'iV-K  and  1(1.7  percent,  in  1S70. 

in  ot liei"  words,  ii  mneli  smidlei'  proportion  of  tlie  ^'oods  imparted  from 
llie  I'niled  States  tinin  of  ilo'  -(»(ids  im|)orted  frinn  (Ireat  Uritain  were 
snl>)e(^te<l  to  duty,  Imt  tliose  amoii.^-  the  foinier  w  Iiieli  did  come  under 
tile  Cainidiiin  tnrilVpiiid  iit  a  consideraMy  lii.ulier  a\<'r;i;ne  rate. 

'i'lie  Very  l;ir;;('  jiropoition,  liowevei',  of  free  i^oods  t'roin  tin'  I'liited 
JStiites  tliat  iippciirs  in  the  Caniidiiui  imports  of  ISd!!,  iiiid  with  ;i  sli^iit 
diminution  in  1S7(>,  no  h»ii^er  exists.  A  new  Ciinadian  tariff  went  into 
t'Ifeet  on  the  7tli  of  April  last,  which  imposes  the  lollowinj;"  «luties  n|>ou 
articles  prcN  ioiisly  tree,  all  of  tln'in  l>ei!i;i  cominoditiesot  leadiii:;"  import- 
ance, in  the  not  very  ex  tended  list  of  prodiu'tions  that  we  l»art<>r  with 
our  ]>ro\  incial  neighbors:  llour,  L'o  cents  per  liarrel ;  meal,  1.")  cents  per 
biirrel;  wheat,  I  cents  per  bushel;  all  othei'  mrri*  ;,  .'»  ci^nts  per  bushel  ; 
<'oid  and  coke,  .">()  cents  per  ton  ;  salt,  '»  cents  )>er  liishel ;  hops,."!  cents 
pel'  pound;  I'ice,  1  cent  ]»cr  [loiind.  These  diitie>,  whicli  leave  a  now 
<jiiite  insi]^nilicant  free  list  of  commodities,  so  far  as  Amerienn  trade  is 
concerned,  were  avowedly  le\ie(l  in  retaliiit'tn  for  the  pr<»t«'ctive  ri;4'or 
of  the  United  States  tariff,  and,  by  the  act  which  imposes  them,  the 
gviNcriior  !':  <  oiincil  is  authori/ed  t'>  susj>end  or  to  modify  them,  by  pro- 
clamation, together  with  the  duties  on  fish,  meals,  butter,  cheese,  hird, 
tallusv,  vej^ctables,  iind  several  other  articles,  ''whenever  it  ap]»ears  to 
liis  siitisfaction  that  similar  articles  from  Canaila  may  be  imitort(Ml  into 
the  United  States  of  Ameiica  free  of  duly,  iir  at  a  rate  ot  diit.\  not 
exccedin^i'  that  payable  on  the  same  under  such  proclamation  when 
imported  into  Canada.'' 

THE   STATE   OF  C03IMEI{C"IAL  IJELLlGEIJEXrV. 

As  the  case  now  stands,  the  two  countries  are  in  what  ndjiht  be  de- 
scribed as  an  attitude  of  commercial  belli'-erency  toward  one  another, 
mutually  repellin,i>"  and  <liscouraj;inft'  the  intercourse  of  tiad<'  and  the 
in'otitable  and  convenient  exchauji'eof  industries  that  are  natural  to  their 
intimate  nei<>hborhood.  Under  the  treaty  of  reci[)r()city  there  was  a 
larj»e  excess  of  liberality  on  the  side  of  the  United  States  in  the  terms 
of  trade,  and  tlu'  Canadian  tariff  ^rew  steadily  nnne  illiberal  and  non- 
reciprocal.  ^Vl'tt'i'  the  abrojiation  of  the  treaty,  the  conditions  w'«mo 
reversed,  and  it  must  be  confessed  that  the  ^^ates  of  trans-frontier  traflic 
stood  more  open  (Ui  the  Canadian  than  on  the  American  side  from  that 
lieriod  until  the  adoption  of  the  retaliatory  tariff  of  last  April.  Now, 
liowevei",  on  both  sides,  the  freedom  of  trade  is  about  evenly  interfered 
Avith,  and  the  state  of  commercial  repulsion  between  the  two  countries, 
whose  interests  so  stronj>ly  attractt  theiu  to  intinnicy,  is  as  nicely  adjusted, 
])erhaps,  as  it  could  be.  No  one,  I  think,  can  contemplate  this  situation 
of  tliin,iis  without  feeling'"  it  to  be  a  most  unfortunate  dislocation,  which 
veiy  seriously  impairs  tlie  organization  and  ()])eration  of  the  iiuUistrial 

^ener^ies  of  the  Ainerican  continent.     Aiu\  a  further  investigation  of  the 

'^statistics  of  trade  will  not  diminish  that  feeliiii''. 


t 


10 


TRADE    WITH    IJlilTlSII   NOIMTI    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


STATISTICAL  EXIIIIUT  I'OU  Sl'.VENTEEN  YEAIZS. 

r  liiivc  f^ivcn  tlic  ('iiiiiuliiin  oilicial  stiitonu'iit  of  ijiiiKH'ts  into  tlio  Do- 
luiiiioii  IVom  the  IJiiitcd  Stiitcs  (hniiiii-  the  liist  two  liscal  years.  Tiiat 
exliilMts  one  side  ol"  tl)e  i'oniiiiercial  exelian^es  between  tlie  tw(,  eonntries, 
tiie  other  side  of  wliieli  is  to  1)«>  found  in  our  own  oihcial  stitisties  of 
imports  into  the  Ignited  States  from  the  province's  t)f  th(!  Dominiiui.  It 
is  proper  to  remark  here  that  a  ^reat  many  contentious  ar,-;iim(Mits 
rehi.tiNC  to  tlie  trade  between  the  two  countries  have  been  vitiated,  by 
bi'in<>'  based  upon  oHieial  returns,  in  one  country  or  tlie  othei-,  ol'  botli 
imports  and  crjiorfs,  as  thou;;!!  tiie  two  were  e(pially  trustworthy  statis- 
tics. Tlie  well-known  fact,  however,  is  that  in  no(M)untry,  and  certainly 
neither  in  CiUiada  nor  the  United  States,  are  the  statisti(^s  oi' cciioiis, 
compiled  from  the  retuiiis  of  clearances  at  the  (aistom-housi's,  to  be 
;  rusted  for  accuracy  ;  for  the  simple  reason' that  there  is  neither  the  same 
stringency  of  law  nor  the  same  watchfulness  to  compel  an  exact  state- 
ment of  out,ii'oin,<i'  shipments  that  is  ai)[)lied  to  secun;  true  repoits  ef 
the  value  of  forei,i;n  comnu)dities  coininj^'  iuto  the  country,  ('hictly  as 
the  conseipience  of  this,  the  statistics  of  no  two  countries  resjx'ctin;.; 
their  rrade  with  each  other  will  a,i;reeat  all.  The  discrepancy  betweei; 
our  own  oflicial  returns  and  those  of  the  Canadian  ;4()V(H'ument  relatln;;' 
to  the  same  trade  is  further  widened  by  the  mixed  vabuss  (in  curiency 
and  .uohl)  that  appear  in  the  export  and  rei'xpoit  statements  of  the  iormev. 

Acc(>rdiii;;'  to  our  own  statistics,  we  bou.i;ht  from  the  four  provinces 
of  the  nominion,  in  the  liscal  year  ended  fjune  ."50,  1870,  commodities  to 
the  value  of  i-^.'J'.hoOTjSH',  (in  .uold,)  and  sold  them  domestic  commodiiics 
to  the  value  (in  curren(;y)  of  ^lUy'tHrijlli,  and  foreign  rei'xports  to  the 
value  (in  .u'old)  of  !<;5,<>;»i.ol'r>. 

According'  to  Canadian  statistics,  our  i)urc]iases  from  the  Doininion. 
in  the  same  twelve  months,  amounted  only  to  sf2S,772..')12,  and  our  tota.l 
sales  to  it,  of  domestic  and  foreign  goods,  were  of  the  valueof  8-l/)l)7,-!.'}7, 
all  in  gohl. 

On  each  side  there  is  strojig  ])robal)ility  of  tlie  near  aecurncy  of  the 
import  r<'turiis,  and  we  may  safely  accept  them  as  re[)resenting  the 
commercial  e\<'hanges  of  the  two  countries.  The  following  tai)le  is 
comi)ile<l  in  that  view,  from  the  otlicial  returns  of 'imports  in  each 
country  from  the  other,  both  re[)res(,'nting  values  in  gold.  It  shows  the 
yearly  amount  of  trade  each  way  that  passed  betw<'en  the  United  States 
and  the  old  ( 'anadian  provinces  from  18.")  (■  to  18;)7,  l^oth  inclusive,  ami 
between  the  United  States  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  since  that  con- 
federation was  organi/AMl.  The  exhibit  is  rendered  faulty  to  a  certain 
degree  by  the  fact  that  the  Canailiiiu  returns  are  madi'  for  th(^  calemlar 
year  down  to  18(>4,  at  wh!ch  time  the  ])rovincial  governnuMit  adoi)ted 
the  tiscal  year  ending  JuiU'  ."it),  to  correspond  with' our  own;  but  this 
does  not  att'ect  the  general  showing  of  the  state,  of  the  connnercial 
exchanges  represented : 


FiscMl  vral 


*  First  ill 
fnu<liui 
Pattcr><iiii. 

The  p 
change  ( 
ami  Can 
meiit  of 
tries  pro 
iheir  elf( 
#hat  we 
during  t 
of  tlie  ] 
iarii)orts 
tfade  in 
the  othe 
and  rap 
exchang 
the  Ib'iti 
covers  It 
province 
eign  con 
1K>  distil 
States  t( 
tie  folio 
liot),  .^2, 
Gnu  adiai 
of  dome; 
modi  lies 


Fi'om  C;i 
I^om  i'\ 


1] 


CES. 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


11 


iito  the  Do- 
cjirs.  That 
(.(•oiiiilrics, 
*t'itisli('.s  (»[' 
iiiiiiioii.     It 

iU'^IUIKMlts 

vitiated,  h.v 
un;  ol"  hotii 
ii-rhy  staris- 
1(1  cci'taiiilv 

of  i'.rjiofls. 
)nsi'S,  to  be 
vv  the  sniiic 
jxact  statc- 
s  reports  of 

Ciiit'tiy  iis 

respcctin.L;' 
ey  bt'twoei; 
'lit  rchit'ii,^' 
ill  ciincucy 

the  ioriiu'v. 
•  provinces 
imoditics  to 
oiiiiiioililii's 
jrts  to  the 

Dojtiinioii. 

(I  our  totiii 

;i,()*J7,L':57, 

af'y  of  tlie 
'iitiin^-  tlie 
tal)Ie  is 
:s  ill  each 
si  lows  the 
t<'(l  States 
iisive,  ami 
tiiat  eon- 
a  certain 
^  ealendar 
adoiited 
but  this 
ommercial 


Iiiipidtcd  into  tile  IJiiilotl  Statt'H  from  Canailn. 


[I''ri)iii  riiitcil  Slates  olUciiil  n-turiis.] 


Iiiiiiorltil  into  ( 'auiiilii  tVoin  tin   t'niti'd  Slates. 


[I''ioni  Ciinailian  olUei:il  retains. i| 


:'i 

<:>l.l>  CANADA. 

1 

T\-'r: 

1  veai- 

I'lnieil  .June  'M). 

IKVI.. 

■*() 

7-JI 

.■.:tii 

in.  •, 

1  vear 

elliled  .1  une  '.it). 

1  f'lj  * 

1-,' 

l^•,• 

:tll 

Fi.-: 

1  vear 

enileil  .lime  :«), 

\<>6.. 

17, 

■i^f 

11)7 

Jise: 

1  veal- 

eiideil  .luiie  :ilt. 

IKu.. 

i". 

•>'M 

!<.\4 

yise; 

1  veav 

eniled  .lime  :i(l, 

If^.V   . 

11. 

.■>.-' 1 

",!) 

Fis,. 

1  vear 

ended  .lane  :il), 

l,-.-,!l    . 

II. 

•JO- 

717 

I'i.e. 

1  Veav 

eiidi'd  .Iime;iO, 

iMiO.. 

I.-*, 

^,".:t 

ii:i;i 

Vi.-^r: 

1  vr.ir 

endeil  .Ian  •  :i(l. 

l.-dl.. 

I-. 

(11.-. 

■l.->7 

Fise: 

iVe;,,- 

■ndeil  .fiine  '.W. 

let;-,'.. 

I.'>. 

*,'•  1 1 

rl-J 

Fise; 

1   Mill- 

•iided  .lime  ;i(i. 

irtti.i. 

I^', 

ir.o 

7';:! 

Fisci 

1  Vear 

■nded  .limi'  :ill. 

1.-J(i4,(i 

•stimated).. 

•  »'. 

■li]-'. 

111,-. 

llse. 

1  Veai' 

■iideil  .lane  :ill. 

lM)."l.. 

;!(), 

r.47, 

■jir, 

Fi.s.-:, 

1  vear 

•nded  .fnne  Hi, 

1  ,-titp  •■• 

■Id, 

i'i;i. 

■1711 

I'isci 

1  vear 

eiidi'il  .June  :)(). 

lii()T.. 

M, 

;i:)7, 

fG7 

OMI  C'A\A1>A. 


Calendar  vear  l^.7l.. 
Calendar  year  l-.-i."! 
Calendar  year  l,.-.-i<!. . 
Calendar  year  H,77.. 
Calendar  yc  ar  l>-.7,-J. . 
Calendar  ye^ir  l:-,V.l.. 
Ca,endar  year  I.~(i0.  . 
Call  ndar  ye:ii'  Iflil .. 
Ciilmdar  year  l,-'(iv!.. 
Cali'Uilar  vear  iMiii. . 
First  hali'  el'  ls(i-l.. 
Fiscal  year  l.-'()-J-'(i5  . 
I'iseal  year  l.-(id  ... 
Fiscal  vear  If^ti. 


.•*l.-,,  ,->:«.  (IfiO 

■in,  fi!<.  (;7(i 

•J-J,  7(M,  ."lOH 
•JO.  •^■■i4,  liH 
l.->,  Cii."),  .'.Ii.7 
17.  .'W,  !)Mi 
n,  •J7U,  (lvi!> 
•Jll, -Jllll,  ll«(V 
•^•,>.  IM-J,  rCO 
If,  l."i7,  C.-JU 
7.  !l.7-.i, -lOl 

!,■>,  •>!•. 


JKI.MIMUN   Ol'   CAXAHA. 


_  «enl  year  ended  .June  HI),  I^(i8. 

ilseal  year  ended  .June  HO,  iMiO. 

seal  vear  end<'d  .Inne  HO,  1^70. 


liilMINKlN   Dl'-   CANAIIA. 


•-;.-|,  (KM,  K,H  ri.s<-al  vear  li-(!8. 
HO,  H,-|H,  OKI  ;  Fisciil  vear  I  Mil), 
ail,  r)07,  8-l'J  I  Fiscal  vear  lt'70. 


U,  Oia,  l.'.,'> 


17,  (WO,  •,:7H 
;>!,  ■I'.)7,  M-i 
21,  ti'J-l,  •J:i7 


*  I'^irst  and  la,sf,  year.s  of  the  reciprocity  treaty, 

t  Tlie  limire/i  tor  tlie  earlier  yeais  in  this  culMnin  J  talvc  fnaii  one  of  the  reiiorts  id'  ,^^r,  William  .T. 
Patterson,  ,secretary  <d'l!ie  M(aiteal  I'.oard  of  Trade, 

The  i)roiniiient  fa(.'t  that  api»ears  in  the  above  statement  is  the  total 
cliaii,i>e  of  enrrent  tiiat  took  |)iaee  in  tlu'  trade  between  the  United  Slates 
and  'Janada  in  1  i(>2.  Down  to  thedoscof  tliat  year,  v.lien  the  deranj;e- 
ment  of  enrreney,  the  inllation  of  p'riees,  and  tiie  disturbance  of  indus- 
tries i)rodueed  by  the  war  of  rebellion  in  this  country  bc.uan  to  woi'k 
ihi'ir  elfeets,  we  liad  been  seliin,i>'  to  the  provinces  larjicly  in  e.xcess  of 
what  we  bou.uht  froir.  them.  The  a!i;.r.'(\uate  oi  theii-  imports  from  us 
dnrin.n'  the  nine  years  endinj;'  with  IStiJ — ei;^ht  of  which  v.ere  the  years 
of  the  re('i[>ro('ity  treaty — was  >'17li,(>ll,."57i!.  The  a.u;ui'e,nate  of  our 
imi)orts  from  them  in  the  same  period  was  .sl;'.;j,2.)t>,47.").  The  balance  of 
trade  in  our  favor  Mas  ):^.'>1»,n(>,s'.)l>.  ]>u{  in  1«().')  the  balance  shiitcd  to 
the  other  side,  and  ever  since  tlu^  preponderance  a.yainst  us  has  steadily 
and  rapidly  inerea.sed,  until  now,  as  the  aboxe  ti;.;ures  show,  w.c  are 
excliaii!4in<>'  commodities  for  little  iikmc  than  one-half  that  we  buy  from 
the  Ibitish  ])rovinees.  Indeed,  the  e.\chaii.i;'e  of  our  own  jirodiictions 
covers  less  than  one-half  of  th<^  amount  that  we  are  importiii.i;'  from  the 
provinces,  since  the  Canadian  import  statistic^'  'itcd  al)ove  include  for- 
eign commodities  rec.\'i)orted  from  the  (Jnit«'<h->,ates  to  Canada,  makiiijn' 
HO  distinction  between  those  and  rhe  domestic  exports  from  the  rnitetl 
States  to  (!anada.  Our  own  otlieial  statement  of  these  reex])orts  shows 
the  follow! nj;^'  amounts  ji'oin^'  to  Canada  in  the  last  two  fiscal  years: 
liiot),  )*i*,S'»'S'i"*^-;  ^^'i^^i  ^'h^yM^'}'!').  .Makin<>-  these  deductions  from  the 
0«nadiau  im[»oi'tation  of  jjioods  out  of  the  United  States,  the  e.\chan.!j;e 
of  <lomestic  productions  (since  we  receive  very  few  non-Canadian  (!oni- 
i]|odiiies  through  Canada)  stands  as  follows  for  the  last  two  years: 


18G9. 


Fiom  Canada  to  the  United  States. 
From  i'u'  United  States  to  Canada. 


.  e.'JO,  .'}o;5,  010 
.     J8,0;')8,100 


Lalanee  against  the  United  States 11,  714,  (JIO 


12 


TRADE    AVITII    imiTISII   NORTH   AMERICAN    PRO  VINCI'S. 


1870. 

From  Cniiiida  to  the  Uiiitca  Stutcs ^'•V^.  .507,  S  !i 

From  the  United  States  to  Cainula 17,  70."),  71: 

Balance  aj>ain.st  the  United  kStates 21,  742,  l;;i 


Comment  upon  the  unsatisfactoriness  of  this  state  of  trade  seems  1 1 
be  <iaite  unne(;essary.  The  adverse  balance  is  vastly  too  great  to  In 
analyzed  into  commercial  "i)rofits,"  as  an  ai)i)arently  adverse  balance  o: 
trade  often  may  be ;  and  the  mode  in  which  it  is  here  arrived  at,  itv 
comparison  of  the  im])ort  entries  in  each  country  from  the  otlui. 
excludes,  moreover,  almost  all  the  elements  of  such  an  analysis. 

WHAT  WE  SELL  TO   THE  PROVINCES. 

To  show  what  conimodities  are  chielly  exchanged  between  the  tw 
countries,  and  to  exhibit  at  the  same  time  the  relative  imi>ortance  <■ 
each  in  this  commerce,  and  the  course  it  has  taken  relative  to  each  dm 
iiig  a  considerable  period  of  years  past,  I  have  compiled  a  series  d 
tables,  which  may  be  examined  with  interest.  The  first  table  here  fol 
lowing  is  a  summary  and  analysis  of  the  imi)ort  statistics  of  the  Dn 
minion  of  Canada  lor  the  last  two  fiscal  years,  and  shows  what  we  hav 
chiefly  sold  to  the  four  provinces  of  the  IJominion,  severally  and  coUcc; 
ively,  during  those  two  years. 


CJoiii  nnd 

Stipar.  nil 
Me. lis  . . 
T«"ii  ... 
Ootidiis 
Hnt-<.  (■;! 

Geilrl;|l 

Coal  ami  > 
Floiu'  .. 
Grain.  ,\\ 
linlian  ci 
Coi:iiiirai 
ria\,  llrlil 
Hides,  iiii 
'J'nliacd, 
Wodl  .... 

AVocll-.II.S. 

Olasswai  I 
Musical  ill: 
Books,  iVi' 
Coltim  Will 
Salt  .. 
Eliuincs  ai 


Stalement  ahoiv'inf/  Ihc  values  of  tlw  principnl  commodltm  Imported  info  ihc  sererul  proriHCcv  ( 
//(('  Dominion  of  Canada  from  the  United  States  dnrinij  the.  two  faeal  years  ended  June  o' 
18(31)  and  1S70. 

[Compilod  from  Canadian  official  returns.] 


18C9. 


{__    Coin  and  bullion. 


l 


'.ugar,  niolanao.s,  and  nielado 

!Mt'ats.all  kinds 

T<a 

'  (Jottons 

Hats,  caps,  &c 

,  ( icncral  hard  ware 

Coal  and  ooko 

l<'l()ur 

drain,  all  kinds,  except  In<liaii  corn. 

Indian  corn 

Cornnu'a'  -nd  oatincftl 

3<'!ax,  lii'inp,  au<l  tow 

Hides,  horns,  and  jielts 

Tobacco,  unnianiitacturod 

AVNtol 

"Woolens 

f  Jla.Hswaro 


!Mu«ical  instruments ,  ... 

Itooks  and  other  publications. 

(^)ttou  wool 

Salt  

Slachincry  


Total,  excludiiiii  coin  and  Imllioii. 
All  other  nrtii'li's  .•. 


Quebec. 


Ontario. 


8114,171 


$:},  802,1.54 


();t,i,7l.') 
183,417 
3t!<t.  ('liii 
1'JO,  8,'..") 
i;)7,  484 
2t).">,  ,")li7 
JH7,  44:5 
417, -r).") 
l().-),;itiH 
17-->,  4411 
4,  4:t(l 

i:i7,!i7:» 

547,  40,-) 

()4ti.  ^'4:! 

147,  4li:t 
!I8,  mt! 
42,  liti") 
50,  772 
48,  :ji).-) 
CO,  037 
1,801 

127,32!) 


28!),  185 
33(i,  574 

ill,  4(i7 
140,  (iO(i 

04,  758 

.377, 105 

(107,  034 

217, 337 

3,  O.VI,  510 

1,  342,  840 

30,  0i)4 

1,-),000 
203,  344 
1.-.4, 120 
278,  825 

80,1.53 
13.5, 105 
111,. 50!) 
131,  .505 
235,  120 
147,  138 
253,  .52.'< 


4,  4()7,  (i,50 
1,58,5,083 


8,  340,  042 
2,378,081 


XovaScotia. 


I 


Kew 
Brunswick. 


6198 


9,351  : 

24,0.55  I 

37,030  I 

20,751  I 

22  021  I 

10L193 

21,  847 

1,033,892  j 

0,170  1 

80,  340  I 

23li,  7.57  ; 

72.  i-00  i 

37,  587  i 

02,717  I 

20,  799' I 
18,272  ] 

8,280  ! 

19,913  I 

433  \ 

1,100  I 
,57,014  ' 


f  57,  080 
92,  410 
0.5.818 

140,178 
22.  757 
14,  140 
30,  105 

400.  790 
04.  507 
.5fi,5l9 

121,  140 

32,811 

30,  208 

14,  H39 

If  3 

140,  001 
20,  570 
22,  900 
24,  91.") 
49,041 
2,  057 
90,  578 


Total. 


83, 970,  .■; 


Total  imports  from  Fiiited  States,  ex- 
cept coin  and  bullion 


Percentajje  of  article,^  cntimerated  abovo, 
rereeuta";e  ol'uraiii,  liour.  and  ineal 


1,  90.5,  000 
053,  805 


1,501,838 
052,  803 


0,054,633  !  10,728,023 


2,  ,559,  825       2,1.54,701 


74 
11 


T 


83 
43 


74 

53 


70 
30 


991.:!' 

030,  I 
524,  I 
443, :! 
277  I'. 
7.58,  n 
847.  :i-. 
2, 0(i!».  •:'■ 

3,230,1' 

1,0.54.  r 

39.--.  1. 

2,5'.i.  y 

81.-I,  I''. 

&■,!',: 

420.  i' 
351.  1 

210. 1 ; 

193.  X' 

224, .-; 

344,  l.i 
1.52. 1' 
529.  !■ 


10,  220.  :i!' 
.5,  270,  7 


21,41)7,1- 


mn 


€ES. 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    rROVLNCKS. 


13 


Slotcnivht  ^hoH-'uuj  the  raliicn  of  the  priiiciiKd  commodUhn,  .Jr — Coiitiimed. 
[Conii)ilcil  t'roni  ('iiii;iiliaii  olUcials  returns. 1 


8:50,  HOT,  S  !l 

ITj  7(i."),  7 1  _ 

21, 742,  i;;ii 

lulo  seems  t'l  ^'"  """^  ''i'"'"" 

gTCilt    to    lie  Snv::tr.  iii(iliu<s(>s,  &c 

ebahmcc  o;  fc''::::::;:;;;:::::::;::;:::::;;:::::: 

rived  jit,  iiv  Coti.m,-;  ...  

I     the    OtlU'l',  GiMhiiil  liardwarc. and  .stoves 

1  -i-oi  k;  Coal  and  coki- , 

'J*>1'^'  Flour 

Grain,  all  except  Indian  cdrn 

Indian  cnrri 

Coi: lineal  and  (lal meal  

ria\.  heni]i.  and  hiw 

non    tllO    f  U  I  -Hi'li'^-  ii"'iis.  and  pelis 

Itll    lilt.    IW"  »|'f,i,.|,.,,(i.  nniiiaiinraetnr.Ml 

n[)oi'taiice  o  Woid 

to  each  dm  (Sasis"neV;.v.v:::::: :;:::::::; ::;:;:: 

I   il   Series   d    M"si<'al  instriuncnts 

,  ,      ,  ...    Bonks.  \(' 

ible  here  Id.  cottn,,  ^v,„,l 

,    "'-    l"^  J-"'    Buj;inesandniaeliiiurv 

,1151 1  we  liavi 

-  ..iwl  <,/v11/>,.»        Ti'tal.  exclndiiin ciiin  and  bnlliiin 

,    cilia  COliei.       All  other  artielrs 

Total  ini))iirts  I'nini  ITnitcd  States,  nxccpt 

coin  and  1  ml  I  ion 

'CI'dl  p)VvillC(s  I    _ 

.  -.../;, ,7     r,, ,,,,•!   Pcrci'ntaLV'ol  arrndes  onunnMaied  above 

'  '""'"  •^""'  "    K-r.'enta-ootvrain,  tlonr,  amUneal.... 


Quebf'C. 

Ontario. 

XovaScotia. 

New 
Brunswick. 

Total. 

157.011 

2 

809,  793 



3,  020,  834 

"444.081" 

.:^ 

404,  rm 

St7426 

61,948 

934,048 

101.8(18 

;i:i-',  8:i4 

10,311 

00,  072 

520.  0.-5 

(i.-'4.  805 

n.-i,  ,-75 

20,  413 

70.  !-o:{ 

07:;,  iiio      ' 

MI..5.-)2 

148.  74:t 

3:1  451 

45.  002 

:ioi'.  4:ts 

l-,(),  ^70 

M!l.  ;!(i(i 

2!    (151 

30.  204 

3:15,  401 

.'!00.  ■^■■il 

12:1,0:!  1 

121,  .520 

27.  348 

870. 020      \ 

208,  ;i(il 

(i(j,5,  i;i!i 

1,073 

3l,8,-(i 

808.  0,50 

117. , -^4:1 

41.0(i2 

7:10.2(11 

30l,:t:i:i 

1,2.57,300 

2.'>(l.  100 

4 

1(i:i,  02(1 

4:i,:ioi 

2.  MIO 

4,  400.  0,52           j 

It,  1-J7 

1575.  200 

1.5,045 

10,227 

420.  OSit           1 

400 

11.  .528 

220,  740 

.5:1, 2o:» 

2-8.  070 

i:iit.  K-<2 

25  22:1 

:i;i2 

21.  7.52 

187.  I.-O 

(;'.i4, 411(1 

300.  4!):l 

51.  010 

07,  740 

1,  120.  :il5 

471.4:18 

2  17.  0;i4 

7;t,  2.5!) 

8, 8:i2 

H14,  52:1 

l:il.  no 

277.  804 

50 

4.  IKl 

4l:t,  215  ■ 

."i7, 1*77 

5C..  072 

10.0.50 

00.  813 

10.5.  418 

41.0i(i 

12:5.028 

in.  240 

22,  :i44 

205.  228 

.^4..-i41 

0!»,  2:i(; 

0,  050 

30.  807 

101.513 

4:t,  CiiiCi 

148,  l.-,0 

23,  540 

20.  525 

241.800 

8,5,  17:i 

2(W.  411 

180 

0.5.271 

410,044 

1,  l.Vt 

07,051 

1,  005 

1.  577 

71.7.52 

141.051 

2:!i,(;(io 

2;f,  -08 

81,  .545 

478,  070 

4.  -J  10.  ^77 

,^ 

710.  127 

1.  40.5,  :ill5 

1,  IIW.  001 

1,5.  (02.  O'.O 

2,  ^04.  414 

•  J 

412.  4-JO 

7(;2.  77! 

054.  050 

0.o:i4.  2(i7 

(!,  4,54,  201 

11 

101,  547 

2,  258,  07!) 

1.  823,  320 

21  007,2:17 

6fi 

■    78 

'                   00 

64 

72 

(i 

41 

45 

24 

20 

wick. 

Total. 

?3,  970. .- , 

,  OfO 

!,  410 

1.818 

,178 

1.  7.57 

,  140 

,  105 

.  700 

.  507 

,510 

.  140 

,811 

,  208 

,  H;to 

l,-:i 

,001 

,570 

000 

01.5 

041 

057 

578 

0!)l.:'i 
o;iO,  i 

524,  1 

44:1,  :i 

277  !'■. 

75,'*.  l!i 

847.  :i-. 

2,  ooi»,  ■:: 

3, 2:!(t,  1^ 

1,0.54.1 

308,  1. 
2.51'.  ■"' 
818^  1'. 

8;8,,- 

420,  r 
351,  1 
210, ;: 
10:!  " 
221 
341  1 
15-.'   ' 
520 

One  of  tlie  larger  items  (/.  e.,  tlie  item  of  tea)  in  tlie  fore.u'oiiij;" 
lisl-  of  twenty-two  eommoilities  or  elasses  of  eommoditie.s,  wliieh,  to- 
l^'ilier,  make  up  tliree-fonrtlis  of  our  exports  to  the  jjiovinees,  is  a  for- 
eign artiek',  siini)ly  eon\'eyed  through  American  hands,  in  bond,  to  tht^ 
provincial  consumer.s.  Some  part  of  other  items  in  the  list  beh)n,i;s  in 
the  same  ca  egory  of  foreij^n  rei'xports.  Wlien  these  are  allowed  for, 
the  ranjie  of  the  ('anadian  market  for  Ainerieaii  productions  ai)pears  to 
lamentably  limited  and  almost  eoulined  to  the  rawest  ])roducts  of 

■riciilture,  with  hardly  an  apin-eciable  openinji'  for  the  benefit  of  our 

illed  labor  in  any  dei)artment ;  and  this,  too,  in  the  case  of  the  nearest 
peijihbors  that  we  have  upon  the  j>iobe. 

J  have  founil  it  imjiossible  to  ftive,  for  the  provinces  at  large,  a  com- 
parative statement  like  the  above,  embracing  any  such  jyeriod  as  is  uec- 
«ssary  for  an  liistorical  exhibit  of  the  cour.se  of  trade;  but  the  following 
|i.ble  approximates  that  exhibit.  It  shows  the  value  of  a  few  of  the 
|'inci[)al  articles  imported  into  old  Canada  (Ontario  and  (jjuebec)  diir- 

Li  the  liscal  year  l.Sdl-'G.'i,  the  last  full  year  of  the  recipnu-ity  treaty, 

fm[)ared   with  the  imports  of  the  same  articles  in  the  fiscal  years 

;08,  18(il),  and  1870. 


80:t 


14 


TIJADE    WITH    r.RlTISII    NORTH    A^IKRICAX    PROVINCKS. 


Slatvmenl  of  the  rahicn  of<i  fctv  pr'niripul  articlr^  imihn'tcd  into  "old  Canada"  fi'om  the  Uiiitnl 

.S7^/ /(■«./(*;■  ncrir((l  i/tiirx. 


Artiflps. 


IfGH-'Cii. 


(•((ill 8.'.44,r)ii  ,     ??;iu.ii!)8 

( 'lit  t  (III,  Wiml ss,  ;Mi  !        -Ji:!,  l!l-l 

I'lix.  liiiii|i,  anil  tow,  iiiiinaiiul'actiiri'il I-,MI,  Mi7  in.  ^^i(i 

Flour (i!)(l,  lei  Ii|,m 

(ir:iiii,  all  kiiiils  ;},  "i.- 1, -llCi  add."),  ili'.'^'       ■!,  (iT.".,  Kin 

lliiiis,  liinii-,  iiMil  iirll.4    y(i,-),  (1(1(1  1,  ():i,!i!l!l 

1 1  111  l;r,i  meal  anil  nil  till  i-iii :'.(!,  (i-.'-i  -17.  .•■'(!.") 

■Mral.  all  Minis   ;  hid,  !!(ir'  y;iO,  XW 

'roliarcii,   iiiiliialiurMrt  ilV.'il '~1T,  (1(17  -t.'iC'.  •J.-'- 

WiMil 174,  (171  ',•:>:),  7;i() 


iv:ri.  377 
•j;i5,  ic(i 
i;i;i,  !!(i.i 
(i::-j,  .v.i-j 


7,"itl,  7  1il 

■10,  ->-24 

■il'.i,  !i!:i 

,«(i!i,  iii':i 

4-J(i,  2r:pi 


l!^C0-7ii 


:i,"i:t.  ; 

1  (;.-..  ii 

i.'.ii,  ■ 

4,41:',  - 

1,0(1(1."- 

14 

440. 

4ii(")!:' 


AVIIAT   "\Vi:  lUY   FlIOM   THE   rilOVIXCES. 

Tlx'  return  ti'udt',  or  wlnit  we  liaNOcliicily  Ixm.ylit  Iroin  tlir  ]>r(niji('i  • 
c;M>  he  cxhihifcd  more  coiiipreiiciisiNi'ly,  hi  liist(»i'y  i»t  Iciist,  Jis  will  In 
seen  in  tlio  tiihlo  f«)ll()\viii.u',  wliicli  shows  tlu'  vji hit's  of  the  Iciidiii.u'  iiiti 
t'h's  iiiiportcil  iiilo  the  riiitfd  tSlatos  iVoiii  iill  the  liritish  P()s.,i'Ssioiis  '■ 
Is'orth  AiMcrica  <Iiiriii,<;'  a  scrit's  of  years.  The  series  eamiot  he  matie  ;; 
<'()!n|>lete  as  I  slK»nl<l  wish,  for  tiie  reason  that  articles  imported  uik'i 
the  reciprocity  treaty  were  not  discriminated  Cor  severi.l  years  iu  ti: 
oflieial  trade  reeiuds  ol'  this  (!o\'ernment. 

ConijxtriifircKldlrmfiif  for  scrmd  i/ntrx  Ixforc,  diirinff,  and  since  the  reviproeilij  ireiitii,<if  . 
t'  the  ]>riii<'i))<tl  ailiclcn  iaiporled  into  lite    I'liited  Slate i  J'n>ni   t'.ie   Uriliih   J\\)r  . 


raini'  o 

.liitericaii  rDsuckniuiix. 


'ermo 
Oswe,i; 
Niauai 
Bidial 
Clianij 
Bostoi 
All  oth 
Oswe 
All  oti 

Cli!ca,<i( 

Milwa'i 

Tole(h 

rt)it  1 

Vermoi 
Boston 
Detroit 
Olcvelu 
All  oth( 

,  i 

New  Yo 
PortlaiK 
Boston 
All  othe 


lo 


icr.4. 


IfU.'l. 


lS(i3. 


1H)\ 


\\'iii:il  riiiil  iiia'iiil'ai'Iiirr.s  el'  j 

\\:iii|,(rxc  .III  I- I'lini't  Wiiiiit)  s7.'i:i.  10!!  j  .*:'0n,  O.V)     :'-;!, 

Aiiiiiial.s,  livilm- 'i.i,-JI  .  4J,  l:i(i       1, 

Wh-at ;  11,  (1(1!),  c^n  !  1,44I,:!:)T       1, 

I'liiiir    '  l,7!>i7.-'!l  I  1,1S4!'.  Kill       -J, 

liail   V j  ri.5(i;'  ■  '.H),;:yi       J, 

Oats." I  37,  lOfi  111.  (i:.-,       1, 

Itvi- I  20->  I  ;«.  COl 

]'n)i''.,!iMsiit'  li.-;hfl-ir.s 1,'0I.  !(if  i  Ki:i,  :;ia 

(^ii'il :  'J.i4.  774  !  ^43,  7;'4 

l'i-iivi.--.iii;is  anil  tallow ,  4,431   j  4,  0:;« 

]?  i;t.  T '  1-J.!.  ^ll    I  84,7;3 

M'ool,  raw  anil  tlincc :  Cii.O.-o'  i:;,,-'ii0 

lliilis  a.iiilKkiii.'s  I  3(,7-j:)|  ::•..".!;•.> 

I'otatoi'.s '  l^fi,  40."i  i  1-2I1,  OTi! 

l''iir.-<  ami  I'lir  .'^kins  ;  lii.O-jO^  ."i,  077 

(i  v|isniii,  iin^iiinii  I ,  lO'i.  1 1  !  lin.  l::(i 

I'iu' iron  ...'. j  1I0..-4O           100.,'-^ti    

Aslis i 

Coin  ami  bullion ;  M-i,  0. >•  j  1;?,  44.')      6, 


■203,  P()(i 
:i,")l.  173 
0"l).  .M)3 
l:!7,  (ilO 

.■|-.:4.-.i'ji 

41.-^,  7-.33 

l-,>,  577 

'liO,  5411 
707,  0:14 

ir.o,  7tJ-,> 
■.i-ic>,  (;:j4 
7f-l,>-ii7 
137, 113 
147,  3-0 
143,  133 


4(;o,  (121) 
■  130,  47ci 


84,  i'^~, 
5,  ri03, 

i,(;!i4. 

•-*,  !''<0, 
4,  003, 
•-',-~!l(!. 
T'J. 
•2,213. 
l,2-,'3. 

f-."l. 

(Ki,-', 
1,  V.'7, 


31 H 
!ll(i 
34H 

■:n-> 

Oil!) 
3.-4 
0^l 
344 
017 
','7;") 
0!)(l 


214, 
(il, 
t-'i. 

41.\ 
i,  044, 


022 
430 
320 
3!W 
Olio 


1H,7. 


K-'OO. 


^■!i 


431,(,V 
!'02. !'(  0 
2  2.  ^;lO 
•,(\\2.'.-| 

012,  .vi: 

2."')7,  Or<.') 
1411,301 
(l."4,  04(1 
!!2,"i,  447 

h4,  IM> 
aU-'.  102 
201.0. '3 

fl,.  (!.'i 

02,  2  .' 
J33, -iO.i 

i'4,  !(0 
20!,  :'!'i 
1(17, -JJT 

r.co.  r..! 


•?T 

170.  :!■ 

3 

471,.. 

1 

lH.{,  (•■ 

440,  (•' 

4 

1)24,  ; 

143,    ' 

i;)7,  -.: 

1 

.'•lO.-,.  ■ 

75^'.  , 

1 

423.  . 

'  '• '  ."■,  ■ 

42, 1 

230.  1. 

i:;(. .: 

3.-I.  ' 

0 

4.-).  :■ 
7! Ill,  . 

DISTKlIll'TION   OF   TIIE   TRADE. 

Tlio  fact  tiiat  in  our  trade  with  tiie  provinees  the  interest  of  theEasi 
ern  and  ^Middle  States  is  almost  wholly  that  of  buyers,  while  the  inter 
est  of  the  Western  States  is  almost  wholly  that  of  sellers,  et>u!d  hardl.v 
escape  the  notice  of  any  one  who  examines,  the  tore.i>'oin,u'  tables.  If  we 
examine  by  enstonis  districts  the  returns  made  lor  the  last  fisea'  eai. 
of  iniiKUts  from  and  domestic  expoits  and  forei.uii  reex])orts  to  the  !>ri; 
ish  American  i)rovinces,  we  ihul  the  distribution  of  the  trade  to  be  i:i 
the  following'  proportions : 


To  a  r 
nii;;lit  b 
merely  t 
Iwpth  con 
(ijreals,  ! 
fia^ascoi 
we  sell  t 
but  is  ell 
of  diver 
reflson,  \ 
sell  then 
tit.v  of  t 

ns  I *i 

anuMiiit ' 
cariietl  < 
of  that  ( 
tion.  not 
tkr,  is  si 


J  The  Hi 
p  tralli 
I#int(>d  ( 
state.     1 

«l^iilin<4  i 

i^vitab! 


CKS. 


from  llie  I'lii 


cit. 


Ir-lill-";! 


,:m 

i?."!;-!. ." 

,  i((i 

:i.",:t,  ; 

,  !l(i.! 

1  (■■.".,  ii 

,  K.T) 

4.  41:1. ' 

,  ^lll 

].  0(1(1.  ' 

,  rdi 

!■) 

,!l!!l 

44(1.  J 

,  !i(':i 

,2tici 

4lii). : 

('  ])r()\"mci'- 
,  as  will  i) 
l(';t(liii,!i4'  aili 

).S.„'Ssii>llS   ' 

ortcd  iiik''! 
,"«'ars  ill  ti; 


///  tiriilii,  of 
Uriliili    Xor 


It-GH. 


(ns 

.?:,  i-o.  :!■ 

!>(il 

;t,-i;i,.-, 

^."|■..l 

I,  (;-.<,  (■■, 

■:><:< 

.|.|,;,(.i: 

(1-.-) 

li:!,  •; 

::iii 

l.")7,  '.:i 

ck; 

],:>[):,.■: 

-:i7 

.(III 

I,4:j;i.  .. 

i(i-.> 

)  'it 

*  1 ", ' 

•I-,',  1 

id.; 

'j:w.  11 

!() 

i:;f. ,;, 

","< 

4:1,  :<: 
2,  Villi, .'  •' 

.(!i 

tlioEasi 
|l  tlU3  iiitci 
liihl  Iiav<l1y 
<'s,  ir  v> . 
jisc:i  cai'. 
lo  llic  ;'>ri' 
]e  to  1)0  i  1 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    XORFH    A.MKRICAX    TROVINCES.  15 

Viv  ci'iif. 

Iinjxn'ts  ill — 

Ycniioiit  district -".  1 

Os\v('<;(»  district 1 7.  (J 

Nia.uaia  (Siis|t('iisi:,ii  ltiid,y,'c)  district l-l.  7 

BiilValo  district S.  7 

Ciiaiiii>laiii  district <».  <> 

Boston  district 4.  (i 

All  otlicr  New  l^ii^land  districts ".  4,  <» 

Oswc.uatcliic  (O.^'dciisbiir;;) •'>.  iS 

All  otluM-  collection  districts 1-.  1) 

Doiiicslic  exports  Irom — 

Cli ica'yo 1  .'5. .~) 

Milwaukee l."5.  •"> 

Toledo !>.  o 

Port  I  Inroii t>.  !> 

Vermont !>.  •> 

Boston S.  !> 

Del  roit 0.  1 

Cleveland : 5.  <> 

All  other  ports li.].  1 

,   Forei.un  rei'xports  i'rom — 

New  York  .' ril.  *) 

.Portland 'SA.  (» 

Boston i;5.  (> 

All  other  ports lu.  i) 

A  ("(BDIERCE   or   COXVEXIEXCi;. 

To  a  nMiiaikable  extent  our  present  trade  with  the  ])rovinees  is  what 
rai^ht  be  characterized  as  a  pure  connnerce  of  eonvt  I.'uce,  incid-eiit 
merely  to  the  ecoiioniical  distriliiilioii  of  products  which  are  eomnion  lo 
l^tli  countries.  W'e  exchani^e  with  them  almost  e(pial  <piantities  of  thc^ 
(breaks,  and  almost  e(|ual  (iuantities,  on  an  aveia.y'e,  o!'  tlour.  ]'.\cept  so 
f^' as  concerns  (he  barh'y  that  we  buy  from  them  and  the  Indian  corn  that 
mb  sell  to  them,  this  trade  ori,n'inates  on  neiiher  side  in  any  necessity, 
but  is  chieily  a  matter  oi' simple  convenience,  of  economy  in  carria,;;;',  or 
of  diversilication  in  the  <pialities  of  jiiaiii.  Similarly,  and  for  tlie  like 
reflson,  we  exchaiij^'e  with  them  almost  ecpial  (piantities  (jf  coal.  W'a 
sell  them  a  certain  ({uaiitity  of  hides  and  skins,  and  buy  half  that  quan- 
tify of  the  same  articles  baciv  from  them.     On  the  other  hand,  tliey  sell 

i^  i 'isions  and   wool,  and  buy  our  j)rovisions  and  wool  to  half  the 

d||ioniir  in  return.  Xot  less  than  oiK'-tliir<l,  probably,  of  the  trade  now 
carried  on  between  the  Unit<Ml  States  and  the  neii;hi»i)rin,n'  provinces  is 
of  that  character,  and  the  fact  that  it  is  kejit  up  with  so  little  dinniiu- 
tion,  notwithstandinii' the  imposition  of  duties  011  both  sides  of  the  fron- 
tier, is  signiiicaiit  of  the  value  of  the  advantu'^cs  that  are  found  in  it. 

.  TIIK  RECIPROCITY  TREATY. 

'M 
The  narowness  of  the  ran^e  of  commodities  within  which  the  bulk  of 

tht'  trailic  between  the  two  countries  is  now  restricted  has  already  l)eeii 

pi|iuted  out  as  the  conspicuous  feature  of  this  eommeree  in  its  present 

afiRte,     It  ,iO)es  very  liltle  beyond  tie  rawest  products  of  a.yrieulture,  (in- 

«hiilin<4  animal  food  a>.  sueli.)  and  <uit  of  tliis  I'act   there    follows,  as  an 

ij|e\itable  eonseipieiiee,  the  inecpialify  which  we  tiiid  in  the  exehanyes — 


16 


TRADE    WITH    J5RITISIT    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


the  lu'avy  twcoss  of  our  iinportiitioiis  from  tlio  in-ovinccs  over  wluit  \V( 
('Xi)oi't  to  tlu'iii ;  siiico  the  tnidc,  coiilincd  to  an  iiitcrcliaii^c  of  tlic  siiiik 
kind  of  coiiuiKxiitics,  must  lie  pivtt.v  much  in  tlie  nitio  of  foity  millions 
of  cousumcis  on  one  side  to  four  millions  on  the  other.  The  old  treal.v 
of  so  ejdled  ri'ciproeity  eontributed  nothinji'  directly,  and  very  little  in 
directly,  to  the  rectili<'ation  of  this  commercial  ine«|uity,  and  tor  tliiii 
reason  it  was  a  fraud  upon  the  Tnited  States.  It  established  freetradi 
between  the  Cnited  States  amt  tlie  IJritish  North  American  provimr^ 
in  the  f(»llo\vinj>-  specified  articles,  and  in  those  only : 

(iniiii.  flour,  iind  ))i'('ii(lsliilVs  ;  .iiiiiiiiils  of  all  kinds;  aslifs;  iVcsli.  smoked,  and  waltci! 
meats;  timltcr  and  Inmlier  of  all  Uinds.  ronnd,  hewed,  and  sawed  and  nnmaiuil'aetnreil; 
eotloii,  wool,  seeds  ami  v<'.n'etaliles ;  iindried  fruits,  dried  frnit  ;  lisli  of  all  kinds;  inn- 
duets  of  lisli  and  all  the  ereatnres  livin>;in  the  water;  ))o\dtry  ;  e!;j;s  ;  hides,  fnrs,  skin- 
or  tails,  nndicssed  ;  stone  or  maihle  in  its  crude  or'unw  rouj^ht  state;  slate;  huttr: 
cheese,  tallow  ;  ores  ol'  metals  of  all  kinds  ;  co;  1 ;  unmannfaetnred  loi>acco  ;  ]»iteh.  t:n, 
tui'|ieiitine  ;  lirewood  ;  plants,  slnults,  trees  ;  jx'lts  ;  wool;  lishoil;  rice  and  hroom-coiii : 
harks,  jivpsuin,  j;round  and  un^^round;  wroui>ht  or  unwrouj^ht  1  iirr  and  griudHtone>; 
dyestull's:  Max,  hemi>,  and  tow,  unmanufactured;  rags. 

With  two  or  three  exeei>tions  only,  these  are  oonnnodities  which  hotli 
eoinitries  i)roduce,  and  \\  ith  reference  to  which,  of  course,  the  freedoii; 
of  the  nmrkets  of  the  I'nited  States,  eontaininu'  ten  times  their  i)opu];i 
tion,  was  of  vastly  more  value  to  the  i)rovinces  than  the  freedom  ol'  theii 
nuirkets  could  jtossibly  be  to  the  rival  producers  of  the  United  States, 
jMoreover,  the  scIumIuIc  «)f  raw  (!(unmodities  covered  by  tin;  treaty  em 
hraced,  on  the  one  hand,  absolutely  every  pnuluet  of  the  i)roviiu'es  foi 
which  they  sou^^ht  a  forei;j:n  market,  wliile  it  in(;liuled,  on  the  othc; 
liaiul,  the  products  of  but  on(!  department  of  tlu^  more  varied  industrif 
of  this  country,  llcnv  it  operate(l,  so  far  as  our  trade  with  the  old  Caiia 
dian  ])rovinces  is  conceriu'd,  may  be  exactly  shown  by  com])ariny;  tli 
statistics  of  free  and  dutiable  impiuts  in  each  country  from  the  otlifi 
duriiiij;'  the  period  of  the  existence  of  the  treaty  : 

Slafcmeuf  coiiipilcd  fro)ii  tlic  otjicial  nliiniN  in  lite  Unilcd  SlofcH  and  in  Cunadii,  sltoirinfi  Ih 
iniixni-i  (ifiitrh  (viinlrn  from  the  otli(i',fnr  and  dnlidhlc,  diirin<j  the  existence  nf  the  treat 
vf  rceiprocitj/. 


ftift-  e( 
the  ti 
iner»( 
gave 
occur 
of  tin 
ill  tin 
of  <lo 
States 
tweiit; 
a  fre(i 
in  the 
free  ai 
ivAin  c( 
cent, 
goveri 
free  ^ 
ports- 
thai  I   t 
tretitv 
Tins 
free  trj 
imi)erfe 
make  tl 
iis  its  ( 
privileg 
were  th 
an  equi^ 
the  pro 
have  ex 
Lawrem 
of  t]u>  tl 
of  the  V 

CtlSS. 


I'uitcd  St.itos  impoits  iVdiii  ('aiiri<la.     [  Kiinii  V.  S. 
otiiiial  ictuiii.s.j 


Caii.ldiaii  imports  from  Uic  I'nilcd  States.     [  l"ri 
Canadian  ollicial  rctmiis.t  J 


Piscal  voar. 


la^s 

l.svi 

I  f  .'i7 

l.S-)S 

l",^)!) 

}m) 

i.-(ii 

lH)-2 

ih;:i 

l^(i4* 

1  >(;.") 

lr(iU 

Totals.. 


Dutiable. 


f  5,  30.'),  818 

(i-10,  ;nr. 

fiiU.OUT 
.'■,(1-1,  !)(i!) 

4:iJ.  .■>;« 
;i.",s,  -,'4(1 
•j-.i7,  (ir)it 
4v!.-,,  i:?,-) 

1,  Hil,!lsl 
74S,  :t74 

;!.  744,  (i4:< 


l'"rco. 


Calendar  year. 


14,  ."i.)(l,  17.") 


to,  87fi,  49f)  I    l»r>-) 

1(1,  S47,  i-J-J      IS.'iti 

17,  CdO,  7;<7       1S,",7 

Il,l!(;7,  CIS       lf^.-)8 

i:t,  7();i,  74.-'     is.Mt 

lS.41S,,"i(U       1s(iO 

IS,  •>7,-JI7       IKil 

I  .'>.  (KiO,  7.'):t        ISCrJ 

l,-,  •J4."i.  (;:!8     ]s(i;t 

:!1,-J(ii),(»;!4  ls(i4.  (first  lull  I).. 

2!l,  7!IS,  sn;t  Isti,-,,  (fiHcal  year) 

4-J,  4."i4,  b-.27  If-iiU,  (iLseal  year) 

'j:i!»,  7!»':>,  •.284    i  Totals 


]nitial)le. 


$n,  449, 

1-J,  770, 

9,  ildli, 

8,  47:t. 

9,  o:t(), 
8,  ::.\-i. 
f,  ;M(i. 
0,  i-JS 
:t,  974, 
'-',  in, 
;t. '.I'.n, 
4,  :«i-i. 


Free. 


472 

S9,  379. 

9-J4 

9.  9:t:i, 

4-1- 

10,  •2,> 

(lo: 

7,  1(11 

;ra 

8, .').")( i 

:,44 

8,  740 

(l:i:i 

IfS.JII 

7H:t 

iti,  r)i4 

;iii(i 

i4,4s;i 

(i(i:t 

r,,  77-1 

•2M 

10,  8-J'.t 

ni7 

10,  ITPO 

89,  -^09,  ,V)4 


i-:'4,  ;n-,' 


So  far 

freedom 

and  at 

•'  seriously 

v'^and  jibo^ 

:  to  them 

I  freedom 

;tl|i<^  pro 

'^"^  l)rivi 

jhts  ot 

tl^t  alii 

nadas 

bli  treat 


■  E.stimated  Canadian  proportion  of  trade  with  tlie  liriti.sli  Xortli  American  Possessions,  not  diseriniii't 
ted  in  tlie  returns  lor  li^(i4.  [ 

t'l'licse  tifiiires  an*  talveu  from  a  table  compiled  bv  tin?  seerotarv  of  the  Montre.'d  Board  of  Trade,  M: 
Williiun  J.  Patterson.  '  '  %i 

The  trade  represented  in  the  columns  of  free  goods,  on  the  two  sidi"^, 
of  the  foregoing"  table,  is,  of  course,  the  trade  in  which  the  operation  o 
the  reciprocity  treaty  is  to  be  looked  for.    A^'itl^  the  traffic  in  duty-pay- 


;es. 


TRADE    WITH    UKITISH    NORTH    AMERIf'AN    PROVINCES. 


17 


■<'r  wliiit  \V( 
of  the  siUiK 
•.•ty  niillioiis 
J  old  ti'Ciilv 
.^ry  littk'  in 
imI  for  tliat 
'd  fret*,  tradi' 
11  inoviiU'r> 

('(1,  fliul    S.'lltn 

iiiiuui'iicturcd: 
ill  kiihls ;  inii- 
It's,  fill's,  skiii\ 
isliitc  ;  iMittd 
•CO  ;  ]»itcli.  t;ii. 
1(1  ludom-coin; 
il  griiidstdiit-; 

?  which  hotli 
the  tVccdoii; 
heir  i)o|>ulii 
'(h)iii  ofthoii 
iiited  States, 
e  treaty  em 
)roviiu;es  ini 
Ml  the  othci 
:h1  iiuhistri;' 
he  ohl  Cana 
ini)ariii};'  tli 
Jill  the  othi'i 


1(1(1,  slioinnfi  Ih 
■Hcc  of  Ike  tir(t! 


Ml  S 

iitcs.     [  Kriii, 

nis. 

tj 

Fret'. 

4 

80,  ;n!t,  •:' 

■J4 

!»,  !i:i:i,  ."- 

**.'" 

J(I,-J,V,-J-. 

T): 

T,  llll.!'' 

;i 

8,  r..-)(i,  .vi. 

u 

H,  740.  11 

;(;t 

l\,f'>'X  li 

f-;; 

i)i,  ,'.i4,  iir 

;)(', 

14,4K!,-J-1 

l):i 

."),  77ri,  :i: 

JO 

;       ii),8-j'.),.(' 

1)7 

1          li),  ^r(l,  11'' 

-.4 

1-^4, 370,  ■:■- 

Is,  not  (liwiimii!: 
Inl  of  Trade,  il 


|e  two  side 

)l)erati(Hi  i 

In  duty -pa  V 


tiift"  coininodities,  wlncli  was  carried  tm  wholly  outside  of  its  provisions, 
the  tieaty  had  iiothiii};'  to  do,  except  so  far  as  that  independent  coni- 
kaerce  was  indirectly  stimulated  by  the  activities  to  which  the  treaty 
gave  dire(;t  encouraji'enient.  The  actual  treaty  trade,  therefore,  which 
<jccurred  between  the  two  countries  duriuij  the  period  of  the  existence 
of  the  convention  of  lS."i4,  shows  an  ine(|uality  of  exchanj^es  very  nearly 
ill  the  |>roportion  of  two  *n  one.  Two  hundred  and  thirty-nine  millions 
of  doliars'worth  of  Canadian  products  found  a  free  nnirket  in  the  (Tnited 
States,  under  the  jnovisions  of  the  treaty,  against  one  hundred  and 
twenty-fonr  millions  of  American  iu'odn<ts  for  which  the  treaty  opened 
a  fre(^  nnirket  in  the  ("aiiadas.  Of  the  total  Canadian  commodities  sold 
in  the  United  States  during'  the  twelve  year.s'  ]>eiiod,  \)l  per  cent,  came 
free  and  but  «>  per  «'eiit.  paid  <liity,  while  ."iS  ])ercent.  only  of  the  Amer- 
i<5Jin  commodities  sold  in  Canada  passed  free  to  their  market,  and  4L*  i)er 
cent.,  <n'  altout  half,  i)aid  tribnte  to  the  custom-houses  of  the  ]>rovincial 
government.  Moreover,  the  entire  sales  from  this  country  to  Canada — 
free  goods  and  dutiable  goods,  domestic  pro(Ui(*ts  and  foieign  rei'x- 
ports — altog(>ther  aggregat<'d  less  for  the  tw<'lve  years  by  $li(},(U)(),(l(K), 
than  the  free  f/o<i<ls  which  Canadian  iiroducers  were  enabled  by  the 
treaty  to  sell  in  the  Cnited  States. 

This  was  certainly  \(M'y  far  from  being  an  arrangement  of  reciproeal 
free  trade,  and  no  statisti<'al  ingenuity,  even  taking  advantage  of  the 
iini)erfect  export  showing  of  otticial  returns  in  either  country,  could  ever 
make  the  treaty  ai)pear  otherwise  than  a  badly  one-sided  bargain  so  far 
as  its  commercial  stiiudations  w<Me  concerned.  AVhether  the  fishery 
privileges  and  th<»  freedom  of  the  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  which 
were  thrown  as  make-weights  into  the  scale,  approximately  constituted 
an  ecpiivalent  for  the  excess  of  advantage  in  tiiuh;  that  was  gained  by 
the  provinces,  is  a  «(uestion  about  which  some  dilierences  of  opinion 
have  existed.  It  is  certain  that  the  i)iivilege  of  navigating  the  St. 
Lawrence  remained  an  almost  unused  privilege  during  the  whole  term 
of  the  treaty.  How  far  it  might  be  made  valuable,  by  an  enlargement 
of  the  Welland  and  St.  Lawrence  canals,  I  shall  not  undeitake  to  dis- 
cass. 

THK  FISHERIES. 

So  fai-  as  concerns  the  fisheries,  there  i^an  be  no  doubt  that  the  greater 

freedom  which  our  fishermen  enjoyed  under  the  tn'aty,  in  British  waters 

and  at  the  provincial  ports,  was  of  importance  to  them.     But  it  may 

seriously  be  doubted  whether  the  worth  of  all   that  they  gained,  over 

awl  above  what  justly  belonged  to  them  before,  and  Avhat  Justly  belongs 

to  them  now,  under  ])rior  treaties,  was  greater  than   the  worth  of  the 

fte^edom  of  the  markets  of  the  United  States  to  the  juMjple  of  the  niari- 

tw»e  provinces  -done.     It  would  seem  that  a  full  e(|iiivalent  for  our  tish- 

l)iivileg'es  was  given  to  those  jirovinces  to  whom  belong  whatever 

hts  of  proi>rietorship  there  are  in  the    coast-tishing  grounds,  and 

tall  tluMMiormoiis  unreciprocated  trading  iidvanfages  given  to  the 

ladas  in  the  bargain  were  a  pure  gratuity.     Under  the  operation  of 

treaty  the  maritime  ju'ovinces  inciea.sed  tin*  sale  in  our  markets  of 

lu-oducfs  of  their  own  fishing  from  8I,(>0L^<W  in  l<sr»4  to  $L>,2i;i,;{.S4 

iHiLS<M.     Neither  their  fishing  industries  mu' their  fisheries  sustained 

detriment  from  tiie  admi*(sion  of  Ameiican  hshermen  within  tlies 

e-mile  inshore  line,  w  hile  they  profited  to  no  small  extent  from  the 

ing  of  supplies  t<)  them.    JIow  much  of  actual  protit  the  New  Eng- 

d  fishermen  found  in  the  privilege  of  the   inshore  fisheries,  to  offset 

accompanying  comi)etition  of  the  ])rovincial  fishermen  with  them  in 

H.  Ex.  94 2 


18 


TRADK    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMKRICAN    PROVINCES. 


their  own  lioiuo  markets,  it  is  liard  to  estimate,  siiK.'C  our  statistics  are  by  m  li 
lamentably  detieieut  in  facts  bearing-  upon  the  subject.  Ap]>arentl,v.  funiisl 
however,  tlu'  xaliie  of  the  treaty  to  tliem  v.as  found  more  in  the  relici  dian  p 
that  it  atlbrded  from  the  annoyance  and  harassing"  application  of  pro  As 
vincial  rej;nlations,  than  in  the  yield  of  the  tishin};'  grounds  to  whicli  chiefly 
tiiey  were  admitted  by  it.  At  all  events,  the  reccnds  of  the  enrolled  ton  settled 
uage  employed  in  the  mackerel  and  cod  fisheries  sliow  no  stimulation  dom  o 
of  the  business  duriufj;  the  period  of  the  reciprocity  treaty,  but  unmis  privih' 
tuKably  the  reverse,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  statement  below,  taken  from  their 


oilicial  sources 

Statcmcnl  of  the  enrolled  toinia<je  emjilojieil  in  the  cod  and  maekerel  finhcriex  from  lS'i'2  i 

in&J,  inelimive. 


YCMIS. 


1852 

i«r.4 

1855 
185ti 
1857 
185H 
1859 
18(i() 
18fil 


Coil  fisliorv. 


in2,  050 

10-J  1!I4 
10d,!W7 
•15,  8l(i 
10»,57a 
no,  8!)() 
I -JO.  577 

i:tti,  (>5;i 

l.'7,  310 


Miickt'rcl  fisli- 
t.'iy. 


7-3,  546 
50,  850 
35,041 
i!l,f)-24 
20,  880 
28,  327 
iiO,  553 
27,  009 
20,110 
54,  295 


Years. 


Cod  fislit'i'v. 


I  Mafkeivl  llsli 


1802. 
1803  ., 
18t!4  . 
1805* 
IfOO  . 

1807  . 

1808  . 

1809  . 


122,  802 

117,280 

92,  744 

59,  228 
42,  79() 
30,  708 


80,  .-ill' 
51,  Ol' 
55,  i\i- 
41,yii' 
40,  :<y 
31, -111- 


83,  880 
02,  704 


^  ACttT  1805  till'  stilted  t(>iiimy:c  is  t'itluT  partly  or  wliolly  l>y 
soiui'  ainiaiTiit  diniiiiiiiion  tliat  is  not  real. 


new'' adiiieasnroniout,  whicli  vrodiici 


ducts, 
cents' 
to  tlie 
adjust 
a'nnexi 
stren 
promm 
Had  a 
recipn 
basis  o 
«ries  1)( 
the  situ 
cousidt 


It  is  1 


It  ap))ears  from  the  forcjioing-  statement  that  an  actual  and  consider  report 
able  decline  in  the  numberof  American  vessels  engaged  in  the  mackerc  ^^^}  ••■'^ 
fisheries  occurred  during  the  first  six  years  of  the  reciprocity  treaty,  am  lations  ^ 
that,  witli  the  single  excej^tion  of  the  year  1862,  the  business  never  em  ^  '^'"^ ' 
])loyed  so  much  tonnage  tliroughout  the  whole  period  of  the  treaty  ii-  More  ik 
it  iiad  employed  in  the  two  years  before  the  treaty  was  negotiated  ^t'^ti's  c 
while  the  tonnage  jneviously  employed  in  the  cod  fisheries  was  barel}  aBythiiij 
kei>t  engaged  until  l.S(J;J,  and  after  that  likewise  declined.  more  h^^ 

These  fa(;ts  are  certainly  very  far  from  sustaining  the  prevalent  ideii  lions  ot 
particularly  prevalent  and  much  cherished  in  Canada,  tliat  the  conce.>>  compleii 
sions  added  to  our  fishing  rights  on  the  British  North  American  coasts  b}  *  puige 
the  r«'cii)rocity  treaty  greatly  promoted  the  New  ]']iigland  fishing  intei  ^^^^'^  'i''* 
ests,  and  were  of  such  weighty  value  as  to  counterbalance  the  unevei  ^^^,  "''^' 
sharing  of  the  commercial  privileges  negotiated  in  the  same  contract  ^^^.''"'^  tt 
The  importance  with  reference  to  these  fisheries  that  came  to  be  attache:  visions, 
to  the  treaty  of  18r>4,  undoubtedly  grew  out  of  the  welcome  experieiid  *'®t^J^"^'' 
of  relief  from  unfriendly  laws  and  har{issing  ofticials  which  the  Ameri^'^^s^'i  i> 
can  fishermen  enjoyed  uiuler  it,  and  the  welcome  quietus  that  it  gave  h  *^'  t'lei 
<piarrels  and  (luestions  which  were  constantly  giving  rise  to  dangerou  "W*^  ^^""i 
national  controversies.    Now  that  the  treaty  has  ceased  to  exist,  it  i 
the  recurrence  of  those  same  annoyances,  and  their  conse(]uence  of  il 
blood,  far  more  than  the  loss  of  the  "inshore  fisheries,"  or  the  disputoi 
definition  of  the  "inshore  line,"  that  gives  seriousness  and  importano 
to  the  fisheries  question.    That  they  have  been  revived  iu  the  mos . 
troublesome  forms  that  can  be  given  to  them — as  they  were  mad^  ^"9,  f 
troublesome  to  the  fullest  extreme  beforQ  the  treaty  of  reciprocity  wii  Wh  Grt 
negotiated,  for  the  politic  purpose  of  heightening  the  importance  to  tbi^C"^^^ 
country  of  some  compromise  that  v.ill  end  them — there  is  little  room  fo  "P*  ^ .  ®  ^ 
questioning.    Nor  does  it  appear  very  doubtful  that  this  policy  oriji;:^\^"^  ^ 
nates  at  the  same  source  from  whence  proceeded  the  shrewd  diplomat  "T^'^ory 


all  not 

ey  lun 

Is  the 

(;omn 

ions. 


CES. 


'JRADK    WITH    lUUTISlI    XOKTir    AMKRICAN    PUOVINCES. 


19 


atistics  are 
\l>l>rtrtMitl.v. 
II  tlie  velici 
tioii  of  pro 


by  which,  in  the  tivaty  of  ]S.">4,  the  luaritimc  provinces  were  made  to 
furnisli  the  c()n.si(h'riition  lor  privih^jnes  in  trade  from  which  the  (Jana- 
dUm  provinces  drew  tlic  lion's  share  of  profit. 

As  between  the  United  Stat«'s  and  tiie  maritime  jtrovinees,  wliieii  are 
ds  to  which  chiefly  the  parties  in  interest,  the  lislu'ries  (pu'stion  conld  probably  be 
'iirolledtoii  settled  very  «'iisily.     Those  jirovinces  wonld  gladly  exchanj»e  the  freo- 
stiinuhitioii  dom  of  their  tishiny  j;ronnds,  and  «'very  desired  landinj?  and  harbor 
biit  uniuis  privile;»(>,  for  free  access  to  Anu'rican  markets  with  their  fish,  their  oil, 
taken  from  their  (;oal,  their  <;ypsnm,  their  bunber,  their  j>rindstones,  and  other  pro- 
ducts, and  the  best  side  of  the  baij;ain,  so  far  as  a«'tual  dollars  and 
cents'  worth  is  (•oncerned,  W(ndd  be  tlieirs  at  that.     Indeed,  so  apparent 
'H  from  K)'i  /'  to  the  iM'oj)le  of  the  maritime  provinces  are  the  advantajijes  of  such  an 
adjustment  of  thinins,  that  tlie  sentiment  in  favor  «)f  s.'i'urinj;-  it  by  actual 
-" —  annexation  of  thems«'lves  and  their  fisheries  to  the  Knited  States  has 

Miukcni tisii  strenjuth  enough  to  be  boldly  ontsi>oken,  and  to  supi>ort  at  least  two 
prominent  orj^ans  of  its  ])ublic  exju'ession  in  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia. 
Ha<l  an  effort  been  made,  at  the  termination  of  the  ine(putable  treaty  of 
5"  o|.  reciprocity,  to  ne<>otiate  a  settlement  of  the  fisheries  question  on  the 

55,4,1  basis  of  free  trade  with  the  i»rovinces  to  whom  the  chietiv  valuable  fish- 

J I  'III'      .      .    -  .  '       .        .  ..-.'. 


I'ly. 


a,  704 


4c!.v  eries  lielong — then  separate  as  tlu'  since  confederat(Ml  i>n)viuces  were — 
"'■  ^"'  the  situation  of  affairs  in  IJiitish  North  America  might  now  have  been 
considerably  different. 

IS  UEC1PK(JCAL  FUEK   TK'ADi:  PKACTICABLK  ? 


t,  which  produci 

It  is  made  ]>lain  enou<4h  by  the  showinj;-  of  the  facts  ]>resented  in  this 

lud  eonsidei  report  that  abundant  reasons  exist  for  a  stronfj:  desire  on  our  part,  as 

the  niackerc  ^^^^  '^^  ♦^'^  theirs,  to  brilij;'  about  an  adjustment  of  our  commercial  re- 

vtreatv,  alligations  with  all  the  British  colonial  states  that  are  in  ixighborhood  to 

S8  never  em  ^^^  '^'"^  especially  with  the  Canadian  provinces,  upon  a  more  liberal  and 

he  treaty  ii' ™<^i"*'  mitural   footing,     lint  it  is  made  equally  iilain  that  the  United 

ne«'otia\c<l  St'^tes  can  n(H'er,  in  justice  to  themselves,  etfecf  that  adjustment  upon 

s  was  bareli  *'*J'*^'''">^"  '''^^'  ^'''-  bases  of  the  old  treaty  of  vecijirocity.  We  want  a 
'  more  free  and  a  more  extended  iiiteicoiirse  in  trade  with  the  four  inil- 
'valent  idcn  lioi'^^  <'^  people  whose  territory,  in  so  many  respects,  is  the  <>eoj»'raphical 
t  the  concci^  complement  of  our  own  ;  but  we  want  that  freedom  of  intercourse  to  take 
'an  coasts  bi  *  range  considerably  beyond  the  raw  productions  in  which  the  two  couu- 
shinf  intci  ^^^^^  'ii'^'  mere  competitors  of  ea<'li  otlier,  and  with  reference  to  which 
tlie  unevci  ^^^^"^  nuirkets  are  necessarily  of  far  greater  value  to  the  provinces  than 
me  contract  t^'*"*^  t*'  "•'^'  ^^  ^'  want,  not  merely  to  «'xchange  breadstnft's,  and  pro- 
be  attached ^^'^'•^'  •^"*^^  coal,  and  hides  and  tallow  with  them,  but  to  sell  them  (mr 


experieni 


,,  Cottons,  (»ur  boots  and  shoes,  our  machinery,  and  our  manufactures  geu- 


the  Ameii*^^^'^'  ^^^  trade  for  their  luinl>er,  their  live  stock,  their  ashes,  their  plas- 


lat  it  gave  t< 

lo  dangerou 

[o  exist,  it  i  * 

|]uence  of  il 

the  dispute! 

Iniportanc' 

in  the  mos! 

were  mad 

^procity  wa 

tauce  to  tlii 

btle  room  to 


,  their  furs,  their  nnnerals,  and  the  general  prodiu^ts  of  their  farms. 
e  want,  in  tacit,  «uch  an  adjustment  of  the  trade  that  the  provinces 
iall  not  sell  what  they  have  to  sell  in  the  United  States  and  buy  what 

3^  have  to  buy  in  Great  Britain. 
Is  the  arrangement  of  a  reciprocal  free  trade  exten-Ied  to  that  range 

commodities  ])racticable  ?    Apparently  it  is  not,  under  j)resent  con- 
ions.    If  the  free  admission  of  American  commodities  is  suggested 

the  provinces,  there  arises  at  once  the  objection  that  their  relations 
ith  Great  Britain  forbid  it;  that  they  cannot  discriminate  against  that 

ntry  in  favor  of  this,  and  that  their  revenue  necessities  will  not  per- 
tt  the  removing  of  duties  from  the  products  of  both.    Nor  could  we 

this  side  afford  the  introduction  of  a  state  of  free  trade  between  our 


dipiomac  *ll'^^*^®^^  ''^"*^  ^^^^  provinces,  with  the  circumstances  of  the  two  countries 


20 


TRADE    WITH    URITISH    NOUTH    AMKKICAX    PROVINCES. 


rcmainiiijf  as  tlu'varc;  \vitli  lii^li  juices  ami  liijili  waj^cs  prcvailiiij;  u|miii  *!..,„, 
ouv)  side  of  tln'  liiu',  aiul  low  wajics  and  low  prices  prevailing-  u|m)|i  tin   a^ 
other;  with  the  iiuliistiies  of  tiie  two  i»eople  ton«'<l,if  we  may  so  ex'iMcsv 
it,  in  widely  ditterent  keys.     To  obliterate  the  boundary  lin<'.  coniniei 
cially  spealvinji',  while  these  contrasts  of  circiinistanc(>  and  thecansc^ 
behind  them  existed  to  still  deline  it  in  every  indnstrial  respet't,  wonl( 
simply  invite  the  removal  of  a  /^ood  partof  onr  manufa<*tnrin;;  «'stablisli 
ments  acriiss  the  frontier,  to  enjoy  the  cheap  scale  in  makinj^  and  tin 
ilear  scale  in  sellinj;-  their  products.     Of  course,  time  would  (inally  lev( 
all  the  dilfereiices  existing'  at   first,  but  the  process  woidd  assuredly  In 
aJi  I'xpensive  oui'  to  the  I'nited  States. 


A  Z()i.Lvi<:in:ix. 


ajust 

ship 
oblij-; 
pendt 
troll  e 
be  pi 
caus(> 
they 
indep( 
chara< 
States 
as  eas 
basis, 
reason 
The 
count! 


It  ai»iiears,  therefore,  that  an  intimate  fici'dom  of  commercj'  betweci 
this  countiy  and  its  northern  nei^hbois,  whi(di  is  so  desirable  for  boti 
jiarties,  cannot  be  contemplated  excejtt  in  connecti(Mi  with  ji  materiii 
change  in  the  conditions  of  the  tbrelgn  relationship  that  the  provinces  sii> 
tain  toward  us.     It  involves,  of  necessity,  an  entire  identiMcation  of  tlii  contro' 
material  interests  of  the  two  c<nnitries.  by  theii'  common  association,  ii  iiu,„),.f 
sonu'  form  or  other.     If  the  provinces  do  not  choose  to  become  one  witi  mei-^.j.,^ 
us  politically,  they  must  at  least  become  one  with  us  commerciall.v  j^jj^  ^^!j 
before  the  barriers  are  thniwn  down  which  shut  them  <Mit  from  an  ofpiii  ju  ^.^.  , 
])articipatlon  with  us  in  the  energetic  working'  of  the  mixed  activitir  mai^^. 
of  the  new  world,  ami  which  deprive  us,  in  ii  great  measure,  of  tin 
leenforcement  that  they  are  capable  of  bringing  to  those  activitio 
The  alternative  of  annexation  is  the  zollverein,or  a  <'ustoms  union,  aftc 
the  plan  of  that  umh'r  whic^h  the  (rernian  states  stM'ured  free  trad     •  In  e^ 
anu)ng  themselves  and  identity  of  interest  iu  their  commerce  with  tin  Domini 
outside  world.  the  Uni 

A  majority  of  the  people  of  the  IJritish  ])rovinces  nmy  not  yet  be  pn  gant  Ix 
pared  in  feeling  (though  numy  of  them  are)  for  an  arrangenuMit  whicl  betweei 
)>robably  involves  the  disjointing  of  their  ])oliti(!al  attachment  to  (Ireii  flroni  it 
Ih'itain,  and  the  assumpti(Mi  for  themselves  of  a  state  of  i)olitical  indt  enterpr 
jiendence;  but  the  time  cannot  be  very  distant  when  the  i)ersuasi(ii  eifgies,  j 
of  their  interests  will  overpower  the  hardly  exi)lainable  sentinuMit  k  of  the 
which  it  is  oi^posed.  Perpetually  nuule  conscious,  of  late  years,  tliii  support 
the  ])arental  nation  to  which  they  have  h»yally  clung  is  more  than  read  ness  th 
to  dismiss  them  to  an  indei)endent  career,  with  a  hearty  Godspeed,  aiii  across  i 
that  they  are  far  more  endangered  than  protected  by  their  anomaloii  the  buil 
connection  with  (Ireat  lUitain,  their  feeling,  with  reference  to  that  coi  tj^e  com 
neetion  has  confessedly  undergone  a  great  change.  At  the  preseii  |pitorto 
time  the  inhabitants  of  the  provinces  appear  to  be  in  a  doubtful,  wavti  timplat 
ing, transition  state  of  oi)inion  and  sentiment,  with  regard  to  their  futiu  ;  These 
policy  as  ii  people ;  nuu;h  atH'eiited,  on  the  one  han<l,.  by  <lissatisfacti(i^e  retu 
with  their  relations  to  England,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  by  a  mistake  "The  i 
belief  that  it  is  the  ambitious  policy  and  lixed  i)urpose  of  their  Amei; 
can  lu'ighbors  to  coerce  them  iiito  a  surrender  of  themselves  ami  tlui 
territory  to  the  United  States.  That  it  is  alike  against  the  politic; 
convictions  and  against  the  manifest  interest  of  this  nation  to  covet  tli 
forcible  absorption  into  its  body-politic  of  any  unwilling,  alien,  (liscoi  -^ 
tented  coujuunuty  of  people,  so  large  as  that  of  the  British  province 
and  that  their  accession  to  it  is  only  desirable,  and  only  desired,  if  tin 
come  by  free  choosing  of  their  own,  is  a  fact  which  they  will  proba 
discern  when  their  reflections  have  be(H)me  more  deliberate. 

There  does  exist  a  feeling  in  the  United  States  with  reference 


ough 
in  and 


Amoi 
Amei 
Canw 
Can» 


fCE8. 


TRADE   WITH    BRITISH   NORTH   AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


21 


vsiiliii^  upon 

11^  U|M)II    till 

ly  s«>  «'xiu'«'s> 
inc.  coiiiiiin 
(I  till'  cjuisc" 
spcct,  wuuh 
!!<;•  ('stal)lisli 
.iii<>'  and  tin 
I  liiiJilly  Icvi 
iissnrt'dly  In 


vivv  bctwcci 
uhlo  tor  bntl 
li  ii  nmteriii 
n'oviiicossih 
iciition  (jf  till 
ssowiiitioii,  ii 
ome  one  witl 
'oninioivJallv 
Toin  an  o(|.:ii 
x(hI  activitii 
'asui'o,  of  til' 
)sc  activitio 
s  union,  aftc 
mI  t'lv-c.  trad 
k'(!c  with  till 


ot  y(;t  be  pn 
enient  whicl 
nt  to  (hcii 
>olltical  in(l( 

])ersuasi(ii 
ntinient  l* 

years,  tliii 

than  read 
)(l-speed,  ail' 
'  anonialoii 
to  that  coi 
the  preseii 
btt'ul,  wavoi 

their  tuttii 
ssatistaetio 

a  mistake 
their  Anier 
es  and  tlii' 
the  politif; 

to  covet  til 
dien,  diseoi 
h  provin(!0> 
ured,  if  thi' 

ill  probabi 

Ireierenee 


them  whieh  it  oiijuht  not  to  be  ditlioult  for  the  people  of  the  ])rovinees 
to  u!i(h'rstand.  It  is  the  niiwillin^uess  of  a  reasonable  jealousy,  and  of 
a  just,  pnuhMitial  seltisliiu'ss,  to  extend  the  material  benefits  of  mend)er- 
Bhip  in  the  American  I'liion,  without  its  responsibilities  and  reciprocal 
obligations,  to  comniiinities  with  whi<'h  the  certain  relations  of  an  in<h>- 
pendent  friendship  cannot  be  cultivate«l  <m'  maintained;  which  are  con- 
trolled by  a  distant  forei;i'n  i>ower,  an«l  winch  are  at  all  times  lialde  to 
be  placed  in  an  attitude  of  unfriendliness  or  hostility  to  this  country  by 
causes  outside  of  tlienis«'lvcs,  or  through  events  in  cimnectiou  with  which 
they  have  nothin;:;'  on  their  own  ])art  to  do.  IJetween  two  equally 
independent  and  res)»onsibl«>  nationalities,  homogeneous  in  blood  ami 
character,  and  with  every  interest  in  common,  situati'd  as  the  Uidted 
States  and  their  northern  nei^^hbors  are  toward  each  other,  it  would  be 
as  easy  to  s«>ttle  the  iclations  of  intimate  fellowship  upon  an  emlurin,i;- 
basis,  as  it  is  mside  ditUcult  to  do  so  in  the  case  of  these  jirovinccs,  by 
reasons  of  their  <lei»endent  status. 

Th<^  i'ircumstajices  which  make  th»'  common  iK)>nidary  of  tlu^  two 
countries  an  actual  barrier  insteatl  of  an  imaj^inary  line,  are  umler  their 
control,  not  onrs.  It  is  tor  them  to  detiMinine  which  a[fe(!ts  them  most 
importantly,  their  political  associaticMi  with  (Ireat  liritain,  or  their  com- 
mercial and  industrial  association  in  interest  with  the  United  States, 
and  which  shall  V  yielded  to  the  other,  since  the  two  are  unquestionably 
in  c(  .irtict.  There  is  no  ajjparent  evasion  of  the  choice  that  they  must 
make. 

TllK  TKANSIT  TRADi:. 

•  In  every  commercial  resix'ct  the  dei)endence  ui'  the  provinces  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada — especially  of  the  old  Canadian  provinces — upon 
the  United  Stat«'s,  is  almost  absolute.  To  say  so  is  not  to  mak(^  an  arro- 
gant boast,  but  to  state  a  simple  fact.  Kestricted  as  the  intercourse 
between  tlie  Canadas  and  this  <*ountry  unhappily  is  now,  they  derive 
flrom  it  almost  wholly  the  life  which  animates  their  industry  and  their 
enterprise.  The  railroad  system  which  jiives  them  a  (urcidation  of  en- 
ergies, and  V)y  which  their  resources  are  being  developed,  is  theottspring 
of  the  East  and  West  tratlic  of  the  United  States.  Its  trunk  lines  are 
supported,  and  were  made  ])ossible  untlertakings,  by  the  cariying  busi- 
ness that  they  command  from  i)oint  to  i)oint  of  the  American  frontier, 
across  intervening  ('anadiau  territory.  American  commerce  instigated 
the  building  of  their  Welland  and  St.  Lawrence  Canals,  and  furnishes 
the  compensation  for  the  cost  of  both.  American  commerce  is  the  iusti- 
Jiator  to,  and  the  guarantor  for,  every  similar  enterprise  that  is  nowcon- 
tifmplated  in  the  provinces. 

These  are  not  exaggerated  representations.  They  are  borne  out  by 
ti^e  returns  of  the  tratlic  of  the  chief  Canadian  railways  and  canals. 

I  The  fallowing  is  a  stsitement,  in  tons,  of  the  property  transported 
though  the  Welland  Canal  in  1869,  showing  the  proportions  of  Ameri- 

n  and  Canadian  commerce  employing  the  canal : 


American  to  American  porta toiis 

American  to  Canadian  ports tons 

Canadian  to  American  ports tons 

Canadian  to  Canadian  ports tons 


Up. 


277,065 

5,843 

78,480 

16,666 


Down. 


411, 635 

210,  (108 

56,455 

178,  751 


Total. 


688,700 
21.5, 851 
134, 935 
195,  417 


22 


TKADK    WITH    IMHriSH    NORTH    AMKIilCAN    I'UOVINCKM. 


« 


Tlir  lolloNviny  is  a  stiitrinnit  of  tli*'  Irci^lit  (liillir  of  tlic  (Jn-iit  West 
<'iii  Itiiilwii.v  of  (')iiismIii,  I'oi'  tli«'  ,v«'iir  riidiii^j;-  .Inly  .51,  1S70: 


Kiminn  tnilllc,  rjistwiinl. 

I'liliiyti  t  liillir,  \\rH\  \Mir<l 


Ciitlli 


llniil. 

•xt,  :w!t 


Sliiip, 


llnUH. 


Ilnnl. 
tl'.l,  (Hi  I 


(illlill. 


HimlirlM. 


(ttlllT 

I'll  i^ lit. 

Tuns. 
•Ji:t,  r«i 
i:iii,  kj:. 


l{<'i'i'i|itii 


•j(»;t, 'iitn  II 

m>,  tifi'j   11 : 


'I'lilal  riinii:ii  tiiilllc. . . 
l.iMiil  (riilllc.  (Illlill  wiiys). . 


:i:i,  :i-.ii 


•Ml,  (Mil        -.>,  :i!l7,  O'1-.i 


■,\M.  M4    :i(i:i,  iii'j   I 


"l  liiivo  Immmi  unablo  to  urormo  a  statotnont  of  the  trallic  of  the  fJrain 
Trunk  Railway  of  Canada,  tlic  niana;;('ni«'nt  of  wliicli  ap|»eai's  to  pursue 
l»olicy  of  concoalmcnt  with  ic};anl  to  its  business;  but  very  niucli  tli 
same  state  of  facts  would  uudoubti'<lly  be  shown  on  that  load  as  on  tli 
(treat  Western.  The  extent  to  wliieh  the  (Irand  Trunk  Railway  shan 
inthe  Hour  and  ^raiu  trade  of  the  Tnited  States,  app  ears  in  tlie  follow 
ing  statement  of  the  (piantities  of  thosi^  articles  which  were  shipixi 
upon  it  from  its  two  western  frontier  termini,  JSarnia  and  (loderich,  i; 
the  year  ISOU : 


riiiiir.  AVliciit.  Colli.       lotlKU-grai; 


Ki'diii  fiiitril  Stiiti'S  til  I'liilril  Stjitis.  ill  tniiisii. 
l'"i()iii  I 'nit  I'll  Stall's  til  Ciiiiiiila 


/)((/  reU. 
•i;i,K«i 
ill),  Hi 


Jliixhi'lii. 


Itllslll't.'i. 

1,<I!I-J,  I  I'M 
(m(I,  -ZiO 


IKt,  I- 

•I.-,  f, 


Port  Ih  II 
V<'iiiiiii 
D<<ti'i 
Port  III 
N.w  \ . 
PnNNaiii 

IflhSMII 
BOMlOII 


iio,  51W;  '.',  xwi,  TmS       :w:«,  m  i  ih  ini  u      _ 


The  forejjtang  lijiiires  supply  their  own  comnuMitary  and  fully  sustai 
the  remark  witli  which  they  were  introduced,  tluit  the  main  railway 
and  canals  of  Canada  owe  their  existence  and  their  sui)port  to  the  con 
merce  of  the  United  States,  in  the  transportation  of  which  they  share. 

On  the  other  hand,  a  larjie  portion  of  the  commerce  between  the  ol 
Canadian  provinces  (Ontario  and  (Quebec)  and  foreign  countries,  otlu 
than  our  own,  is  carried  on  through  the  United  States.  This  is  mad 
necessary  by  the  winter  closing  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  by  tlie  fact  tlin 
no  railn»ad  connection  between  the  Canadian  interior  and  the  seaport 
of  the  maritime  provinces  exists,  and  that  one  can  be  formed  only  \\ 
taking  so  wide,  costly,  and  inconvenient  a  circuit  that  its  commereit' 
nsefulness  when  realized  will  be  very  slight.  According  to  the  "Trad 
and  Navigation  "  tables  published  by  the  government  of  the  Dominior 
the  foreign  goods  passing  through  tiie  Unite<l  States  under  bond  to  tli 
Canadian  importer,  in  the  fiscal  year  enVled  June  30,  1860,  amounted  i 
value  to  $6,825,lCr>.  This  is  excluai\  e  of  foreign  goods  purchased  i 
the  United  States  market,  in  bond,  to  the  value  of  $1,701,905. 

According  to  the  returns  compiled  in  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  a 
Washington,  the  foreign  commodities  carried  through  the  United  Stat( 
to  Canada  in  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  30, 1860,  amounted  to  the  vain 
of  $14,843,620,  (more  than  double  the  quantity  appearing  in  the  Canadia 
statistics,)  and  the  Canadian  commodities  shipped  through  the  Unite 
States  to  countries  abroad  aggregated  $5,704,107.  In  the  fiscal  yea 
ended  June  30, 1870,  the  goods  shipped  through  the  United  States  f 
Canada  were  of  the  value  of  $16,510,637,  and  from  Canada,  $6,032,69; 
The  greater  part  of  this  in  transitu  trade  is  to  and  from  Portland,  Main* 
over  the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  as  appears  in  the  following  statemei 
of  it  for  1870,  made  by  districts : 


use  ol 

Easte 

oarri( 

worlt 

count 

of  eitl 

refere 

impor 

snsteii 

Ameri 

hand, 

at  exe 

wise  tl 

Of  the 

platioi 

the  Cm 

the  Hi 

by  eau 


The 
no  tari 
parties 
commo 
an  arm 
of  intei 
tion,  wi 
Obstacl 
arrangi 
iuice. 
4ifterei 
Wnited 
#  few  > 
icy  ill 
ties 
lanadi 
ivoral 
iry  d( 
'omin 
'ovim 

i^SOl 

iriflf,  e; 
ol 


NCES. 

'  (iH'Jit  WcM 


I 


TKAHE    WITFf    URITISIf    XOllTFr    AMKRK'AN    TRnVINCKS. 


23 


it. 

IJfcrii.tii 

•j(t;i,  IK!)  II 

ri(i4 

:u):<,  1)13    1 

,>,') 

I'.M.  (Ill   II 

of  the  flniiii 
I'.sto  piirsuc 
ory  iinu'li  tli 
oad  as  on  tli 
aihvay  shan 
in  tlio  follow 
wore  slii|)pc 
(loiU'i'icli,  i 


(ini.      loilicrKrii'- 


70,  -SW 


IKt.i. 


9prtliiii<l 

Vcriimiit ...   

IVllMll     ... 

'«iil  1 1 II  roll 

_  cw  \iii  K      

pRHNMiiiiHiiiiiilily,  Muiiii- 

lIHvMiulico. . . .' 

BciHldll 


|i|-iiii'U. 


I  fully  Riistai 

II  a  ill  railway 
t  to  the  con 
thev  sharo. 

twoeii  the  ol 
iintries,  otlu 
This  is  mad 
y  the  fact  tliii 
the  seaport 
riiied  only  \\ 
s  coininercii^' 
the  "Trad 
le  Dominion 
bond  to  til 
amounted  i 
)nrchased  i 
G5. 

Statistics  n 
nited  Statt 
to  the  valii 
he  Canadia 
11  the  Unite 
e  fiscal  yea 
ed  States! 
1,  $6,932,69; 
land.  Main* 
g  statemeii 


K 'ivi'il  iViiiii 

I'liiiudit. 


•ii,  an, ;::« 

:t,  i.'i.').  :4o 

nil,  ra',' 

•   .Ml,  (117 

iy,(i!i:i 

7,7111 


Slil|i|irtt    Id 
I  'iiniulii. 


♦  Ill,  7tlH,  MM) 

",'.  .'i9,tlM 

IU.'.i7ll 

7,  !l7r. 

•J.  Mil,  l.-iO 

7,701 


't'ollll 


a,3HK  ; 

•JdO,  l!{7 

0,  ii;«,  oiKi 

111,  .'.I'.t,  o;i7 

No  one  will  iincstjoii  that  wr  lliiil  (MnivciiiciKM' and  advuiitam'  in  the 
use  of  Canadian  cliiinncls  for  llic  passauc  of  oiir  roimnerc<' ln'twccn  the 
Eastnn  and  Wi'slciii  States,  iioi'  that  we  liiid  prolit  in  at'tin;;'  as  the 
oanicrs  of  .so  larin*'  a  part  of  tin'  roniincicc  of  Canada  with  the  outside 
woild.  r>()tli  f  Ik'sc  airanncmcnts  of  tra<l(' ail'  of  impoitant  valiii'  to  this 
country,  and  its  intcirsts  would  sull'rr  materially  from  any  suspension 
of  either;  hut  the  dilVereiice  in  the  situation  of  tlu'  two  eoiintrics  with 
referenee  to  them  is  veiy  marked.  'I'o  the  Canadian  provinces  their 
importanee  is  nothing'  less  than  \  ital.  since,  on  the  one  hand,  the  very 
susti'uanee  <»f  the  arterial  system  oi"  the  <"aiiadas  is  derived  from  the 
Amerii'an  ((unmerce  which  circulates  thrcuij^h  it ;  whili',  on  the  other 
hand,  their  own  commerce  with  the  world  ahroail  can  o'dy  he  conducted 
at  exceed  in;;-  disad\antaji(',  if  at  all,  for  live  months  of  the  year,  other- 
wise than  a<ross  the  terjitcny  of  the  rnited  States,  and  hy  the  privilege 
of  the  cust(Mns  rt',:;ulati«)ns  of  tlu'  American  (loverinnent.  The  contem- 
plation of  such  a  state  of  facts  must  make  it  a  very  sericais  <iuesti(Ui  to 
thc!  Canadian  peoide  whether  tlu'y  can  atViU'd  to  let  tlu'lr  relations  \Tith 
the  United  Stat<'s  remain  in  a  precarious  state,  suhject  to  <listurl)ance 
by  causes  that  are  totally  foreign  to  themselves. 

CANADIAN  AND  AMKlilCAN  TAKIFF  POLICIES. 

The  proposed  anaiigement  of  a  commercial  union,  or  zollverein,  with 
no  taritf  hetween  the  States  and  the  in<k'])endent  provinces  that  become 
parties  to  it,  and  a  c(unmou  tariff  for  all  outside  trade — dividing  the 
common  revenue  collected  from  customs  duties  upon  equitable  terms — is 
an  arrangement  which  would  place  the  proviiu'es  in  the  utmost  security 
of  interested  relationship  with  this  country,  and  which,  beyond  all  ([ues- 
tion,  would  yield  great  advantage  and  profit  to  both  people.  There  are 
obstacles  and  apparent  objections,  to  be  sure,  in  the  way  of  such  an 
arrangement,  but  they  are  less  serious  in  the  reality  than  in  the  appear- 
ance. The  objection  raised,  on  the  other  side,  upon  the  score  of  the  wide 
difl'erence  that  has  existed  of  late  years  between  the  tarifl:'  policy  of  the 
jlrnited  States  and  the  tariff  policy  of  the  Dominion,  is  an  objection  which 
a  few  years  more  seem  likel>  to  remove,  in  any  event.  While  the  tend- 
cy  in  this  country  is  toward  a  moderation  of  the  extreme  protection 
ties  that  were  caused  by  the  necessities  of  the  war,  the  tendency  in 
lanada,  with  reference  to  duties,  is  a  steadily  advancing  one.  Opinions 
ivorable  to  a  pronounced  policy  of  protection  are  manifestly  gaining 
ry  decided  strength  in  the  Dominion,  and  some,  at  least,  of  the 
'eminent  public  men  now  in  oftice,  including  the  premier  of  one  of  the 
•evinces,  are  among  their  advocates.  Within  the  last  year,  the  Con- 
as  of  the  United  States  reduced  and  abolished  duties  in  the  American 
iriff,  estimated  at  the  sum  of  $26,000,000  per  annum,  while  the  parlia- 
Hent  of  the  Dominion,  at  its  corresponding  session,  made  considerable 


24 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH   NORTH   AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


additions  to  the  (Jaiiudiau  tarift".  Witliiii  the  past  twelve  years  the 
average  rate  of  the  Canadian  tariff  lias  at  least  doubled.  In  the  last 
tiscal  year,  tin;  duties  collected  in  the  Dominion  amounted  toJ21  per  cent, 
on  the  dutiable  commodities  imported.  In  the  same  year,  it  i&  i^  "e,  thi 
duties  collected  in  the  United  States  averaged  40  per  cent,  on  the  duti 
able  commoditiei?  imported,  but  the  current  tiscal  year  Mill  ])robabl,v 
show  a  falling  of  the  latter  rate  to  less  than  40  per  cent,  and  an  advann 
in  the  former  rate  to  perhaps  1*3  or  24  per  cent.  The  wide  difference  hv 
which  the  two  countries  have  been  apart  in  their  tariff  judicy  is  certainly 
destined  to  disa])pear  in  no  very  long  time,  whatever  their  relations  \u 
oeach  other  may  be. 

CANADA  AS  A  "CHEAP  COUNTKY." 


1 


It  was  remarked  not  long  since,  by  a  prominent  Canadian  gentlemau, 
that  the  policy  of  the  Dominion  was  to  make  a  cheap  country.  That 
policy  has  undoubtedly  been  successful  in  realizing  its  object;  but 
whether  "  cheapness,"  as  an  ultimate  end,  is  a  wisely-chosen  object  o 
public  i)olicy  may  be  quostioncLl. 

WAGES  AMJ   THE   COST  OF  LIVING. 

To  ascertain  how  labor  stands  atlected  by  the  cheapness  that  prevails 
among  our  northern  neighbors,  I  have  procured  a  rei)resentative  state 
ment  of  wages  and  of  the  prices  of  articles  that  enter  most  into  the 
cost  of  living,  taken  at  several  points  in  Ontario,  in  the  two  chief  town> 
of  New  Brunswick,  and  in  the  city  of  (Quebec.  The  mean  average  bo 
tween  the  four  jwints  represented  in  Ontario  is,  I  think,  a, fair  one  foi 
that  province,  which  is  by  far  the  most  active  and  prosperous  section  ot 
the  Dominion;  that  between  the  two  towns  reported  from  in  New 
Brunswick  is,  n«)  doubt,  something  above  the  general  average  of  wages, 
and,  possibly,  of  prices,  in  the  province.  How  nearly  the  summer  aver 
age  of  wages  in  the  city  of  (Jjuebec  represents  the  same  in  the  proving 
of  Quebec  I  am  not  now  aide  to  saj',  though  it  is  certainly  indicative  ol 
the  prevailing  state  of  industry. 

These  figures  are  placed,  below,  in  comparison  with  similar  tiguro 
representing  the  mean  average  of  wages  and  prices  in  the  States  oi 
New  York  and  Maine,  the  latter  of  which  are  derived  from  the  elaborato 
tables  upon  the  subject  compiled  and  published  within  the  past  year  bv 
the  Bureau  of  Statistics  at  Washington.  The  New  York  and  Maini' 
report  is  for  the  yejir  1809,  while  the  Canadian  statement  presents  the 
average  prices  of  labor  and  of  commodities  that  prevailed  during  the 
summer  of  1870;  but,  so  far  as  the  difference  in  time  affects  the  accuracy 
of  the  comparison,  it  is  rather  to  the  advantage  of  the  Canadian  side, 
since  prices  in  the  United  States  have  declined  to  some  extent  durinj; 
the  year  past. 


I 


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TRADE    WITH   BRITISH   NORTH   AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


25 


e  years  the  ^ 

In  the  last  »; 

>|21  per  cent,  T 

t  i&  ii  'ie,  the  -n 

on  the  dnti    jf 

ill  i)robabl,v  3 

an  advancv 

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e  elaborate  *s 
Dast  year  by  ^ 

and  Maine  ^ 
)resents  the;* 

during  the  | 

|he  accuracy^** 

ladiau  side,* 

Itent  durin;;  m 


3 


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26 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH   NORTH   AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


If  we  reduce  the  wages  paid  in  the  United  States  to  their  equivalent! 
the  currency  with  which  (.Canadian  workmen  were  paid,  by  calcuhition  c 
the  current  premium  on  gold  in  1809,  (which  ateraged  about  32  per  cent., 
we  shall  And  that  wages  in  2^ew  York  average  25  per  cent,  more  in  thtj 
gold  value  than  wages  in  Ontario,  and  80  per  cent,  more  than  in  tli 
city  of  Quebec,  and  that  the  gold  value  of  wages  in  Maine  is  35  per  ceui 
greater  than  in  New  Brunswick. 

But  the  fairer  comparison  of  the  earnings  of  labor  in  the  two  com 
tries  is  to  ascertain  the  purchasing  value  of  each,  or  their  ratio  in  eaci 
country  to  the  cost  of  living.  This  we  do  in  the  table  subjoined,  whici 
exhibits  the  prices  of  the  principal  articles  of  common  consumptioi 
and  the  ordinary  rates  of  board  and  house  rent,  in  the  same  localitit 
that  are  cited  in  the  foregoing  table,  and  for  the  same  periods  of  time : 


i 

4 
1 


'4 


[NCES. 


TRADE   WITH   BRITISH    NORTH   AMERICAN   PROVINCES. 


27 


?  equivalent  i  » 

calciihitioii  c  ¥ 

1 32  per  cent,  '1 

more  in  tliej  .i 

re  than  in  tli  i|| 

is  35  per  cent  S 

the  two  com  \ 

:  ratio  in  eac  4 

>joiued,  whici  ^ 

consumptioi  ^ 

lame  localitie  s| 


iotls  of  time : 


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TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


29 


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Ac(5or(liiig  to  tlie  mean  ratios  obtained  from  tlie  forejjoing-  tables,  the 
wages  of  the  average  worlviiiau  in  Ntnv  York  are  05  per  cent,  greater 
than  tlie  same  wages  in  Ontario,  while  the  cost  of  his  living  is  but  58 
percent,  greater  ;  leaving  a  clear  excess  of  7  per  cent,  in  his  tavor. 

The  wages  of  the  average  workman  in  ^faine  are  7S  per  cent,  greater 

than  the  sam<>  wages  in  New  Brunswick,  and  the  cost  of  his  living  is  but 

42  per  cent,  greater ;  leaving  a  clear  excess  of  .iO  i)er  cent,  in  his  favor. 

Between  New  York  and  the  city  of  (^)uebec  the  ditference  is  almost 

::  incredible :  wages  l.'JS  per  «'('iit.  liigher  in  the  former,  and  the  cost  of 

;.  living  but  4;}  i)er  (M'ut.  highei-,  leaving  !>5  i»er  cent,  dear  excess  of  earn- 

■   ings  to  labor  in  New  York. 

It  may  be  d(»ubted,  however,  whether  a. just  ratio  of  prices  is  obtained 
by  calculating  the  mean  rate  between  i)rices  in  so  miscellaneous  a  list. 
A  more  accurate  calculation  may  be  mach'  by  another  method.     Taking 
on  ea(;h  side  <Mpial  <(uantities  of  the  various  articles  (juoted,  in  an  esti- 
mate of  tlie  probable  consum]>tion  of  an  ordinary  family,  I  arrive  at 
\  the  following  results:     Tliat  which  cost  8100  in  gold  in  Ontario  cost 
:  $162  in  currency  in  New  York,  or  i^VJ'2  Tli  in  gold;  while  for  every  $100 
;  of  wages  that  the  average  workman  received  in  Ontario,  he  Avas  paid 
;  $165  in  currency  in  New  York,  or  $125  in  gold.     Excess  of  ])urchasing 
i  value  in  New  York  wages  over  Ontario  wages,  2.2S  per  cent.,  gold  meas- 
urement. 

That  which  cost  $100  in  gold  in  New  Brunswick  cost  $141  in  currency 
in  Maine,  or  $10(>  82  in  gold ;  while  for  every  $100  of  w  ages  that  the  aver- 
age workman  received  in  New  Brunswick,  he  received  $178  currency,  or 
$134  84  gold  in  Maine.  Excess  of  purchasing  value  in  jNIaine  wages 
over  New  Brunswictk  wages,  28  ])er  cent.,  gold  measurement. 

That  which  cost  $100  in  the  city  of  Quebec,  cost  $152  currency  in  tlie 
State  of  New  Ycnk,  or  $115  15  in  gold;  while  for  every  $100  of  wages 
that  the  average  worknmn  received  in  (Quebec,  he  was  paid  $2.'J8  curren- 
cy, or  $180  gold,  in  New  York.  Excess  of  purchasing  value  in  New 
York  wages  over  Avages  in  the  city  of  (Quebec,  (54.85  i>er  cent.,  gold 
m^asurenuMit. 

In  other  words,  by  the  same  labor  and  with  the  same  livinjj',  the  av- 
erage workman  can  mak<»  and  save  $2  28  (gold),  out  of  every  $100  of 
earnings,  more  in  New  York  than  in  Ontario ;  $28  nuue  in  Maine  than 
in  New  Brunswick,  and  $04  f^^}  more  in  New  York  than  in  the  city  of 
Quebec. 

It  is  certainly  plain  enough  that  labor  gains  nothing,  but  loses  very 
seriously,  from  the  state  of  cheapness  )uevailing  in  the  Dominion. 

TUK   SAVINGS   OF   INDUSTRY. 

iThe  state  of  a  country  with  reference  to  the  accumulating  energy  of 
iM  productive  industries,  and  the  gi'ueral  juosperity  of  its  i)eople,  is 
ilMlicated  with  tolerabh;  certainty  now-a-days  by  its  savings  institutions. 
"Me  savings  on  deposit  throughout  the  Dominion  at  the  close  of  1800, 
iiKthe  post  ollice  savings  banks,  in  trnstees'savings  banks,  in  chart- 
"T^d  banks,  and  in  the  hands  of  building  societies,  was  estimated  by  the 
Tnpilcr  of  the  "  Canadian  Year  liook  *'  at  $0,108,150.  At  the  beginning 
|the  same  year  the  dci)osits  in  the  savings  banks  of  the  State  of  New 
rk,  drawn  from  the  earnings  of  but  a  little  larger  population,  were 
urned  at  $100,808,078,  equivalent  to  about  $127,000,000  in  gold,  or 
f(||rteen  times  the  total  sum  of  savings  in  the  Dominion.  The  savings 
Iposited  in  Massachusetts  at  the  same  period,  by  a  people  numbering 
(►nt  one-third  the  population  of  the  Dominion,  were  $05,000,000,  equiva- 


30 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


lent  to  about  871,0(K),0(K)  in  j^old;  and  the  latest  publishod  returns  fron 
the  saviu<;s  hanks  in  all  the  New  En<>land  States  show  as  follows: 

MiissaelmscttH $112, 1 19, 01 


(Joniu'cticiit. 
Jvhodt^  Isliiutl  .. 

Miiiiio 

New  Haiii|».sliin^ 
Vfiinoiif 


47, 904,  rt 
y7,(H)7,();; 

10, 490,  :!(;■ 

Irt,  759,  4i;' 

2,o:{7,;t:i: 


Total  Now  EiijrlaiKl 'ilH,  :{7H,  t; 


AC(JU3IULATE1)   WEALTH. 

Statistics  from  which  to  calculate  the  actual  wealth  of  the  province 
are  not  at  present  attainable.  Even  the  assessed  valuation  of  real  am 
personal  proi)erty  for  pur[>oses  of  taxation  1  have  been  able  to  procuii 
only  for  Ontario,  and  there  no  later  than  18G7.  The  comparison  tr 
property,  as  assessed  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  must  be  a  tol 
erablyjust  one,  since  the  undervaluation  cannot  be  far  from  alike  ii 
both  cases.  Ontario  is  by  far  the  wealthiest  of  all  the  provinces,  boti 
uctually  and  proportionately,  and  its  ofticial  statement  of  the  assessoi 
valueof  real  and  personal  property  for  three  years  is  as  follows: 


lo 


ISfi.'). 

IrtUi 

■18G7* 


V(';ir.s. 


of  real  t'stiiti". 


aHf,  -JOl,  057 
2l-J,88f.  435 


A.ssi'ss(>tl  value 

of  ]>(M'soiinl 

property. 


$•25,  357,  >>i\i 
■M,  -M),  087 
23,  'J63, 077 


Totiil. 


The 
the  ent 
$2^001 », 
vigoroi 
people 
a  sum 
of  the 
tion  «>t 
nationa 
still  d< 
in  the 
al  bank 
charter 

The 
has  rap 
Januar, 
inces  oi 
per  cap 
itt  eircu 
ness  as 
atimula 
the  Don 
contrast 


$2,58,  ISO,- 
2t)4,  4!I0,; 
236,851,: 


Year. 


AsHf-ssctl   value  ' 
of  real  estate. 


Total. 


On  til 

general, 

*  The  tact  tliat  tlie  a.Hse.ssed  values  of  i)roi)erty  were  lowered  to  tlie  extent  of  .S\28,()0n,O()l)  the  year  I  aCOOUUtJ 
lowing  tlie  altro^iatioii  of  tin;  reeiproiity  treaty  is  ei^rtaiiily  not  williotit  sii;'nilieaiiL'e.  not    iucl 

In  IMassachusetts,  with  not  more  than  seventy  per  cent,  of  the  poP"'  T)Q«iiioti 
tion  of  Ontario  and   twenty   per  cent,   of   its  occupied  territory,  tlij|_^ji^' 
assessed  •Aaluation   of  real  and  personal  property   in  the  same  thi(  |j„*  j.'^,'|' 
years  was  as  follows :  ener*nes 

whether 
l)rovinct 
di8api)es 
governn 

l,08l'  niil'i'^®^®^''^'tl 

M05;8y:u  exam  pie 
railway 

These  of  course  are  valuations  in  a  depreciated  currency.     In  1807  tl;Of  wie^\ 
average  i>remium  ou  gold  was  thirty-nine  per  cent,    lieduced  by  that,  tl  "**®  ^"^' 
assessed  valuation  of  property  in  INIassachusetts  was  $838,772,230  ! 
gold,  or  about  $055  ])er  cai)ita,  against  $230,851,512,  ov  about  $131  p    " 
capita  in  Ontario. 

In  Ohio  the  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal  propertv,  in  lS<i 
was  $1,143,401,380,  or  $810,758,132  iu  gold,  ecpiivalent  to  about  $3: 
per  capita.  Taking  the  Nortliern  States  of  the  Union  together,  they  m 
doubtedly  exhibit  ou  the  average  more  than  double  the  value  of  pro), 
erty  per  capita  that  is  shown  in  Ontario,  where  the  proportionate  valii 
of  property  must  largely  exceed  that  in  Quebec  or  in  the  mariti 
provinces.  lOi 


1865. 
1 86fi . 
1807. 


Assessed  value 
of  ]iersoual 
]iroperty. 

•  ,?380,  07!),  055 
•13(1,  27'J,  •J!I8 
457,  728,  21)0 


6605,  761,  046 
051,043,703 
708,  105,117 


fCES. 


TRADE    WITH    IJRITLSII    NOKTH    AMKUICAN    PROVIN'CES. 


BANKING   CAPITAL   AND   CIRdLATION. 


31 


returns  froii 

Tho  capital  empIo.yiMl   in  baiikinji'   ainoiiiits   to   but  $;>2,753,242  in 

,    $112, 110,1)1  the  entire  J)onuni<)n,  of  wliieli  83(),.'J(>;»,84L'  is  in  Ontario  and  (»Juebee, 

47,l>U4.Ki^2,0(i(>,400  in  Nova  Seotia,  a;\d  8;J21>,40()  in  New  IJrunswick.     An  active, 

10  4II0 'li'^'*^®^'*^"*^'  '"'^^  enterprising;-  state  of  business  in  so  larjje  a  conununity  of 

"       irt,' 759,' Id' P*0P^^  i«  clearly  impossible  with  that  limited  sum  of  caintal  in  bankinj;^ — 

2',o:J7','.t:i  a  sum  equal  to  l)ut  about -i^iS  i)er  capita.     In  the  nineteen  States  north 

of  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio  and  east  of  the  Missouri,  with  a  popula- 

■    ^^^^^tion  of  about  2(J,(M)0,0(H)  i)eople,  there  is  a  capital  of  8-H8,0(K>,0()0  in 
'  nationsil  banks  alone,  or  810  per  capita,  besides  the  cai>ital  of  banks 

still  doin<»-  business  under  State  charters,  which  amounts  to  $15,000,000 
ill  the  one  State  of  New  York.    In  the  New  Enjjland  States  the  nation- 
he  Drovincc^^  bank  capital  is  ^'M  ])er  cajuta,  and  in  New  York  the  total  capital  in 
n  of  real  am  *^^**''*'^^"''^^  banking-  is  $2S  per  head. 

lie  to  proem  '^^^  currency  in  circulation,  bank  note's,  ami  J)ominion  treasury  notes, 
:)mnarisoii  li^*®  rapidly  swelled  within  the  jiast  year,  from  $15,982,10.')  on  the  1st  of 
iiust  be  a  tol''^*'*"'^*^'  i^^^*'  ^"  Ontario  and  (^Juebec,  to  $25,514,109  in  the  same  prov 
from  alike 
vinces,  bo 
the  assessoi 
Hows: 


.inoes  on  the  1st  of  October  hist.     At  the  first-named  sum — less  than  $5 

ovin'ces 'l>i)tlP®'^  ^^''^'^"^'^ — ^^'^  money  in  use  (makiuji;'  full  allowance  for  gold  and  silver 

fiia  nclpssio.i'*  ^^'^■^'^^l'^*^*'^")  ^^"'^^  ^^  much  too  restricted  for  an  enerf»etic  state  of  busi- 

neafi  as  the  intlated  volume  of  cnrrency  in  the   United  States  is  too 

stiinulatin<»'.     The  process  of  inflation  that  has  (commenced  so  rapidly  in 

the  Dominion,  howevei-,  bids  fair  in   tlu'  end  to  more  than  nMuove  all 


no 


Total,     contrast  in  that  particular. 


Pl'ULIC  DiniT. 

$258, 130,  -: 

aUtiialii!.'      On  the  .'JOtli  of  April,  1870,  acccn-dins  to  a  statement  from  tlie  auditor 

[__     general,  the  ])ublic  debt  of  tlie  J>ominion,  deductin^LT  cash  and  bankinj? 

loo.nno  the  yt'i'i  I  atoounts,  Avas  $99,.584,807.  Ai)parently,  however,  this  statement  di(l 
not  include  tlui  outstandin<;'  Dominion  treasury  notes  in  circulation, 
of  which  $7,450,;>;)4  had  been  issued  in  October  last,     llelatively  to 


e  same 


jt  tlie  popii .  pjjp^^j.^jj^j,,^  :|.j,jj^  ^1^,^^^  of  the  Dominion,  amounting  to  about   $2(>  per 

'       capita,  appears  trilling  in  comparison  with  the  debt  of  the  LTnited  States; 

^      bat  relatively  to  the  wealth  of  tlie  two  countries,  their  resources,  and 

energies,  it  may  be  questioned,  from  the  indications  heretofore  given, 

whether  the  dis[)arity  of  the  l)urden  of  debt  is  so  great  as  many  in  the 

provinces  imagine.     Whatever  the  disparity  may  be,  it  will  certainly 

di8api>ear  in  tiie  accomplishment  of  the  ])olicy  of  expenditure  which  the 

government  of  the  Dominion  has  laid  out,  with  reference  to  political 

,*i|"j;f,p'; 'necessities  that  grow  wlioily  oat  of  an  anomalous  situation — such,  for 

Mosimioxample,  as  the  luiilding  of  the  Intercolonial  Uailway  and  the  projected 

railway  a<!ross  tlie  continent  to  IJritisli  (!oluml>ia,  parallel  with  tlie  line 


Total. 


In  1807  tli**^^'^*'  American  Nortliern    Pacitic,  to  neither  of  which  undertakings 
Id bv  that  tl^^®  ^''^'  <''^'"»"^'t*'L'  of  the  continent  offer  any  encouragement. 

|;J8,772,239  i 
>oiit  $131  F 


|erty,  in  l<S<i 
about  $3:; 
ther,  they  m 
lalue  of  pi'oisl 
kionate  vale 
the  maritiu 


IMMIGUATION   AND  EMIGRATION. 

no  other  fticts  existed  to  show  that  the  conditions  of  life  in  the  Do- 

[ion  of  Canada,  with  its  cheapness  snd  its  lighter  taxes,  as  compared 

the  United  States,  are  not  conditions  to  be  intelligently  preferred 

hose  who  are  free  to  choose,  the  tacts  of  immigration  and  emigration 

it  strikingly, 
nt  of  74,305  foreign  immigrants  to  the  New  World,  who  landed  at 
adian  ports  in*  1809,  only  18,360  paused  to  seek  homes  in  the  Doinin- 
iamf  and  57,202  passed  on  to  our  Western  States.    In  1868  the  number 


32 


TRADE   WITH   BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVIN'CES. 


reported  as  injikiiij;'a  sottlciiUMit  iii  tin*  J)(»iniiiioii  was  but  12,70."),  ajj^iuiierinn'  in 
58,08.'$  fjoinj;  throiigli  to  the  United  States.  For  the  year  Just  clos»afc  lO.Od 
the  statistics  of  iininiftiation  into  the  Dominion  at  hir^jje  are  not  yet  ;i  4|1'  *'• 
tainable.  Within  a  lew  days,  however,  the  Ontario  (^oinniissionei  tltipro 
Agriculture,  wlio  has  charjic  of  immigration,  has  i)id)lished  his  repdioilloiil; 
from  which  it  ai)i)ears  that  the  measures  adoi)ted  in  that  province,  tl^efacl 
attract  settlers  from  (Jreat  JJritain,  and  to  assist  their  renu>val,  hiifltWD  tli 
hirgely  increased  the  arrivals  in  Ontario  during  the  past  twelve  nu)ntl;Dolnini» 
The  commissioner  reports  the  numl>er  f(M'  the  year  ending  l)ecen;l)er  iteiprisii 
1870,  at  iMjL'iX).  Although  to  a  great  <'xtent  this  does  n«)t  rei>reseiitseek  w' 
natural  movement  of  immigration,  hut  is  the  result  c»f  systenndic  elfoitlfRwtls 
that  are  being  made  in  Kngland  by  varicuis  societies  to  <h'port  some  estflw)!! 
the  more  sutfering  chisses  of  the  poor  ])oiudation  of  that  country,  sii;3llM,  ar< 
so  far  as  concterns  Ontario,  it  produces  a  considerable  change  in  thefai  jn  we  A 
heretofore  existing.    Jiid  if  Ontario  is  nndcing  some  gain  of  ])opulatiii8  mgre 

ng 
Sh 

om 
llati 

aci( 
|orti( 
>us 


from  foreign  immigration,  that  ]>rovinc«',  in  this  as  in  most  matters,  isyojj 
favored  excei)tion.     AVithout  mucli  reasonable  doubt  the  other  ])roviii«(3t 
and  especially  (Juel)ec,  are  steadily  losing  more  by  enngiation  to  tlPW 
ITnited  States  than  they  gain  by  imnugration  fnun  abroad. 

I  am  indebted  to  ]Mr.  Young,  Chief  of  the  IJureau  of  Statistics,  f«utlP< 
following  statement,  compiled  from  retuiiis  nnide  of  immigrants  arriviiiti* 
in  the  I'nited  States  from  the  British  North  Amei'ican  possessions  ti[*r 
eleven  years  ])ast 


9X1 


V<!ais.  ' 

[HVt 

lH(il 

iHdd 

im;;} 

IfM 

lH(i5 

iMit; 


N' 

llllllcl'. 

4.514 

'J,  (Hi!* 

'I    HtK 

:),  404 

a.  (inc 

ai,  r.t't) 

;ia,  150 

Vfiuv 


Nui 


to  iptdcu 
tJOflxr, 


m 

iH(i7 i;  k^ 

if-tif* 111,-'*? 

iHiii :iii.!3l 

if'm -Ill,  ii_  J 

Total l.>  j 


lUit  these  are  more  than  doubtful  statistics;  nor  does  it  ap])ear  jxi^j 
sible  to  secure;  any  trustworthy  eiuuneration  of  the  persons  who  com? 
into  the  United  States  from  the  IJritish  provinces  with  intent  to  mak; 
this  country  their  l»onu\    The  figures  given  above  are  obtained,  I  In 
lieve,  from  returns  made  by  t\w  otUcers  of  customs,  in  connection  witl 
the  entering  of  household  goods,  which  are  adnntted  free  as  "settl('iv| 
etiects."    If  exact  to  that  extent,  they  would  only  rei)resent  the  class  i 
immigrants  who  come  with  families  and  household  effects,  wholly  oiml 
ting  tlie  perhajjs  larger  class  of  .young  nu'u  from  the  ])rovinces  wl 
seek  their  fortunes  in  the  United  States,  and  who,  as  they  cross  tH 
frontier,  are  in  no  way  to  be  distinguished  from    oidinary  travelci 
IJut  even  for  what  tliey  pui'port  to  exhibit,  I  fear  that  our  statistics  ij 
]uovincial  emigration  are  iH)t  to  be  trusted.     I  liave  reasoji  to  kiniji 
that  ftoiHC  of  the  niurns  of  immigration  from  frontier  crossing  poiii! 
are  almost  entirely,  if  not  wholly,  founded  ui>on  <;areless  guessing  n 
the  part  of  railway  agents  an<i  clerks,  as  to  thenund)er  of  [tcrsons  like! 
to  have  accompanied  a  given  «piantity  of  "settlers'  effects."    J*erhiiii 
thCvSe  are  exceptional  cases,  but  more  luobably  not,  since  there  is  neti 
lug  to  com])el  the  taking  of  the  trouble  which  accuracy  would  requiiu 
It  is  possible,  too,  that  tiie  aggregate  result  of  such  estinmting  may  !i 
not  far  from  the  tru<^  fact,  but  that  is  a  matter  of  no  certainty.  '^ 

As  for  the  large  class  of  inunigrants  of  wlu)m  no  acconntcan  ])ossilt!t 
be  taken  when  tliey  (iross  the  frontier,  Mr.  Young,  who  has  been  gailU 


^^-     J  <?  )\i. 


loers 

|es  oi 

loym 

les  Af. 

lane 

Th 

w.  ih 

|inin,i 

is 

idiai 

of 

ne\ 

one 

\\(' 

3oun 

|at  a, 

|icile( 

beca 

inter] 

o))e 

Iweel 

mo 

[coni> 

1 

tmiii 

len, 

put 

en 

lin^ 

jcte< 

11 


f 


■# 


IN'CES. 


TUADK    WI'Jl!     nRITISII    NORTH    AMKRIC'AN    PWOVINCES. 


33 


l!i,7^»'N  "Hi'iii^^rtQti"  iiiloiiniition  on  tlio  siilticct,  tliiiiUs  tlicy  may  be  satoly  ostiiiiiited 
w  ju.st  do.siat  JO,0(K>  lur  the  past  yrar. 

iire  not  yot  n  |ipl  (Icliiiit*'  statements,  liowever,  witli  le-^anl  to  this  emijuratioM  Ciom 
unniissioiiei  titil'pioviiices  must  he  ma(h'  and  received  witli  coiisiiU'rahle  <hmht.  Jt 
led  his  repoiocjti'oiily  he  said  witli  eeitaiiity  (and  that  no  one  at  all  acrinainted  with 
t  provinee,  itlpfaets  will  disjnite)  that  the  annual  movement  from  the  Cannulas  and 
lemoval,  lia i'lIMn  the  maritime  proviiu-es  to  the  United  States  is  very  lar^'e.  The 
welve  moiitlENrtninion  sntt'ers  in  no  ies}»eet  imn'e  seriously  than  in  the  loss  ot"  the  en- 
December  .lteipfirisin<»'  yonn]^'  men  who  are  heiiijL;"  constantly  enticed  away  from  it  to 
ot  represeiirseeK  wider  opportunities  in  the  Unite»l  States  than  their  own  country 
tematic  elloiaffOKi^ds ;  sonu*  of  them  to  return  after  a  time,  but  the  fyreater  part  to 
I'port  some  establish  permanent  ties  and  make-  ])ermanent  homes  in  "the  States.'' 
country,  sii:3ltd|  are  to  be  found  everywhere  in  tlu»  Union,  and  no  adopted  elenuMit 
i}j;'e  in  thefa('n  |Sp  Ameri(!an  population  contributes  more  to  its  stock  of  ener<;y  or 
of  ])opulati(  18  «  greater  value.  During'  the  late  war  many  thousands  of  Canadian 
it  matters,  isyOlpg  nuMi  volunteered  in  the  Union  army  and  shared  our  national 
rherprovinnStMK^ih' with  us,  the  larger  proportion  of  the  survivors  of  whom  are 
jration  to  tlPl^|P''*'y  <'iti/.ens  to-day  under  the  government  for  which  they  fought, 
d.  S*""  ^^'*'  Pi*>^''"''''  <»*  ^i>iiebec,  where  the  circumstances  of  the  general 

itistics,  fortIP<W^"^''*"  '"'*'  gio^ving  less  ju-osperous  rather  than  improving,  emigra- 
■rantsarriviiitiW«<'i'<>^^  the  lim^  into  New  lOngland  and  elsewhere  has  assumed  such 
)ossessions  tiyW*^''^'""'^  within  the  past  two  or  three  years  as  to  become  a  very 
ien©us   subject  of  discussion    in  the  journals  of  the  j)roviuce.     it   is 

3Xwedingiy  unfortunate  that  we  have  no  trustworthy  data  from  which 

^.      bo  (|idculate  its  extent.      There  are   two   migratory   movements  from 

I  '  '""  tji^||fl)ec,  one  periodical  and  temporary,  the  other  permanent.     Large 

l"      nup^bers  of  the  French  Canadian  laborers  and  small  farmers  leave  their 

'.'."'.'.'.'.v.       I'l '^ji*''^  **'*  ^'"'  '•PPi'oach  ol"  winter,  cross  to  the  United  States,  tind  winter 

iij  3Mpoyinent  lieie,  son<e  «'ven  in  tlie  Southern  States,  and  return  to  their 

^l^licB*"'^  again  in  tlie  spring.     How  this  number  compares  with  those  who 

'•"■  ^^pianently  remove  themselves  to  the  United  States  it  is  impossible  to 

3Cm    That  the  latter  liaNc  greatly   multiplied   during  late  years  we 

Icww.  from   the   imi»ortance  Avhicli  the  French  Canadian   element   is 

t  appear  ])i>^«Sining  among  the  ojieratives  in  the  Xew  England  factories,  and  from 

>UH  who  coiiwjBt  is  acknowledged   by   observers   in    Quebec.     Intelligent    French 

itent  to  mak^Hpdian  gentlemen  in  tliat  in-oviu(;e  estinmte  that  there  are  already 

btained,  I  ^•'liflp  of  their  race  in  the  United  States  than  at  lionu*.     Said  one  of  the 

Unectiou  witljffl||?  newspapers  of  .Abmtrval  in  October  last:  -Statistics  tell  us,  and 

:>  as  "'"^^'^^''''l^one  who  has  ti-aveled  in  the  United  States  will  coniinn  the  fact, 

it  the  class  (;|H  we  annually  sntfer  a  heavier  loss  through  native  persons  leaving 

,  wholly  oinb^Peountry  than  the  total  ligure  oY  the  immigration  returns.     There 

rovinces  \\iii«at  a  low  computation,  half  a  million   native-born   ('anadians   now 

\oy  cross  til^iciled  in  the  United  States.     They  are  established  in  the  republic, 

ary  tniveld  lo^because  they  prefer  that  form  of  government,  but  because  the  spirit 

statistics  iii^|nterprise  seenu^d  to  have  died  out  on  this  soil,  and  there  was  no 

soil  to  loi'  i^P  opened  to  skilled  industry.""    The  same  newspaper,  in  an  article  a 

Dssing  poiii  imAveeks  ])revious,  had  stated  the  fact  that  ''  our  farmers  reali/e  very 

\  guessini:  "mf  inore  for  their  Imy  and  oats  than  they  did  thirty  years  since,  and 

(crsons  lil.<  ;^^<'onsequences  are  that  farm  lands  are  declining  in  value  in  the  pro- 

f^."     lVt'hiir>|Mg«_    The  returns,  minus  the  labor,  ar«'  smaller;  the  margin  of  profit 

here  is  udi  '«HRining  to  the  farmer  at  the  end  of  the  year,  after  paying  and  feeding 

onld  re<iuiM|HDen,  is  less."     It  was  said  in  u  public  address  by  one  of  the  promi- 

ting  juay  !  iw  public  men  of  the  province  of  Quebec  a  little  more  than  a  year  ago : 

"ty.  '  w|^  emigration  of  common  laborers  to  the  States  is  something  actually 

(^an  ])ossili  J»iaing;  and  it  could  not  be  otherwise,  for  oiir  water-powers  are 

s  been  gatlMlJpcted,  our  mines  are  closed,  and  we  have  no  means  of  furnishing 

n.  Ex.  94 3 


34  TRADE    WITH    BRITiaH    NORTH    AMKRICAN    PROVINCES. 

oinployment  to  our  peoph'."  Within  a  i'vw  wi't'ks  past,  to  fite  oih<  h  ^, 
authority,  the  leadiu};-  urwspapt'r  of  the  city  of  (^ueboc,  tho  ^'wSJ:* 
Chrouicio,  uv.uh'  the  followiuj;  stateuiout,  which  lias  a  two-fold  si;,n'"**'^'* 
cancc:  "  rnfortuuatcly  it  is  a  truisai,  an<l  rcciuircs  no  ilcinonstrati  . 
that  ship-lmihlinj',  formerly  the  main  industry  of  (Quebec,  has  alii 
ceased  to  exist,  and  that  <;onse<piently  our  laboring  population,  tluM  But 
bone  and  sinew  of  tla^  body  politic,  were  cominencinj;'  to  seek  in  orcen  < 
ad.joinin;;-  repnblic  that  employment  which  was  no  longer  to  be  U^nade  a 
here.  Too  many,  indeed,  already,  we  fear,  have  r<*moved  iM-nnaiiciew  ye; 
from  our  province."  aiise  c 

Cieneral  evi<lence  of  the  nujgnittule  of  tlie  enii};ration  that  ji'oc md  rei 
from  the  Dominion  to  the  United  States  isabundant,  thouj:;li  the  statin  gingl 
to  reim'sent  it  in  detined  numbers,  with  tolerable  exactness,  are  la<ki»oth   L 
What  is  true  of  (Quebec  is  undoubtedly  true  to  not  much  less  exteiiu  185(» 
Nova  Scotia  and  New  JJrunswick,  and  if  Ontario  does  not  lose  pojiieet  of 
tion  in  e<puil  numbers  it  loses  very  considerably  from  a  class  \\ii«l8j  an 
younj;-  blood  is  the  life  force  of  a  country.    Aj>ainst  these  losses  tlu'ir2,000  t 
no  e(pial  offset  or  exclianj»e.^  Emigration  from  the  United  States  tdiavy  is 
provinces  is  limited,  thouj;h  valuable  to  the  latter,  because  chieH.vihe  wei 
lined  to  men  who  go  there  with  a  definite  enterprise  in  view,  and  ; 
erally  with  capital,  to  engage  in  lumbering,  or  mining,  or  salt  lUiiK 
or  oil  pro<bi(^ing,  or  general  sjjeculation  and  trade.     Under  difierenti 
ditions,  the  nuniber  of  these  would  unquesti(;iiably  be  multiplied    Ferlui 
very  great  extent.^;     •  nerce 

sign  (;oi 

PARTFAL  PROSPERITY  IN  TIIK  DOMINION.  »owerfii 

!few  Vo 

I  hope  I  shall  not  be  accused  of  having  labored  to  nndce  a  represc'^^^'"'' 
tion  of  circumstances  unfavorable  to  our  northern  neighbors.  1  giv(  ^v  'MM 
facts  as  I  have  found  them,  in  seeking,  without  preconceived  notioii'™'^*^"" 
ascertain  the  relative  situation  of  attairs  in  the  two  conntries,  whiclij^i  /'p^^ 
came,  as  1  have  viewed  it,  a  necessary  part  of  the  subject  submittci"^^^'*''' 
me  for  investigation.  I  group  these  facts  here  to  show,  as  I  think  ^-^A..  . 
do  show,  that  if  that  which  a])pears  to  be  the  only  practicable  arriii*^  '"* 
ment  under  which  a  imtural  state  of  trade  between  the  United  St, 
and  the  British  provinces  can  be  established,  involves  a  change  in 
conditions  that  ]>revail  within  the  latter,  assimilating  them  to  thc' 
ditions  existing  in  the  United  States,  the  change  cannot  be  one  ti' 
detriment  of  the  people  of  the  provinces,  and  cannot  form  a  forbidi 
obstacle  to  the  arrangement. 

1   know  and  1   do  not  contradict  the  claim  to  i)rosperity  thii     ./ 
asserted  in  considerable  portions  of  the  Dominion.     Prosperity,  upon  ~W 
moderate  scale  to  which  everything  is  adjusted  in  the  provinces,  i 
exist  throughout  most  of  Ontario,  in  the  city  of  Montreal,  and  in  sev 
small  nianufacturing  towns  that  have  grown  up  in  the  lower  proviw 
a  degree  of  prosperity  quite  in  contrast  with  the  aspect  of  affairs, 
erally  speaking,  in  Quebec,  and  for  the  most  jjart  i)revailing  in  the  m 
time  provinces.    The  i)eople  of  Ontario  are  very  comfortable ;  man; 
the  towns  show  more  life  than  they  formerly  did,  are  adding  to  t 
industries,  and  are  slowly  growing.     One  branch  of  manufacture. J 
woolen  manufacture,  has  obtained  quite  a  root,  and  has  risen  to  con;'' 
erable  magnitude  withiu  a  few  years  past;  so  much  so  as  to  diuiii' 
the  importation  of  woolens  nearly  a  million  of  dollars  in  1800  from 
importation  of  18C8.    In  railway  enterprise  there  is  a  noticeable  sti^: 
life,  stimulated  in  great  part  by  the  American  transit  trade,  tlio* 


e  SI 
thei 

are 
hipi 

rtl 

t,ii 

.ye 

rom 

igs 


[lOVINCES. 


TKADK    WITH    BRITISFf    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


35 


>m'boc    tlio  D'^'^^y  <lin'<*t«Ml  toward  the  •l(*V(»l()i)iiu'iit  of  tbo  *'back  settlfcioents"  of 

I  two-tbUl  .Mi,ri>n*iM'><>- 

o  (loinuiKstiati  tommercial  (Mtowrn  of  mo.ntkeal. 

lobec,  has  alii 

piilatioii,  t1i(M  Hilt  iiowlu'iv  and  in  notldii;;  else  is  tin-  disjilay  of  loally  enerjcetic 
;•  to  seek  in  orces  equal  to  that  at  Montreal.  Tlic  city  of  Montreal  has  certainly 
>n^(»r  to  be  tonade  an  astonishlnj;"  advance  in  commercial  importance  within  the  last 
)ved  ])ennan(iew  years.  The  conspicuous  feature,  and,  perhaps,  the  conspicuous 
aiise  conn(M;ted  with  its  commercial  rise,  lias  been  the  establishment 
ion  that  fiocmd  remarkable  suc<'ess  of  the  splendid  line  of  (tcean  steamers  which 
jugh  the  statin  siniiirle  <'anadian  tirm  has  i)laeed  afloat,  conncctinj;"  Montreal  with 
;ncss,  are  lackiioth  Livi'rpool  and  (Jlasjiow  by  re^fulai-  direct  lines.  Commencing; 
leh  less  extenu  18»(»  witli  four  steamers  and  a  cjipacity  of  (J,r>,'{(;  tons,  this  ixvvnt 
i  not  lose  pojiieet  of  the  Messrs,  Allan  .S:  Co.  now  numbers  einhteen  steam  ves- 
>ni  11  class  \vli,el»,  amonj;''  the  finest  on  the  seas,  with  a  total  «'a|>acity  exceeding 
ese  losses  tht'i:2,(W0  tons.  The  rise  of  this  fh)urishinj;-  Canadian  mercantile  steam 
ited  States  toiavy  is  a  more  notable  fact  by  reason  of  its  contrast  with  the  decline  (►f 
•ause  chiefi.vihe  ocean  steam  shipping  of  the  United  States, 
in  view,  and  : 

••,  or  salt  mak      ,  divkuston  of  ami:i{ICA.n  (;ual\  tiiade. 

ider  different  I 

>e  multiplied  Peijiajis  it  is  owinj*-  chiefly  to  the  orj^anization  of  operations  in  com- 
nerce  inci<lent  to  the  effect  of  the  establishment  of  such  lines  of  for- 
)ign  connection,  that  Montreal  be^an,  two  years  aj»"o,  to  accomplish  a 
JOWerfiil  diversion  of  the  movement  of  our  Western  cereals  away  from 
ifeW  York.     The  very  extensive  sudden  transition,  i)articularly  in  the 

lake  a  represc!***!'''^^'"*-"^  of  wheat,  whi(;h  occurred  in  1S(»{>,  claims  serious  attention. 

ibors.     1  o-ivc   If  appears  in   the  followinj>'  statement  of  flour  and  j^rain  passing 

ceived  noTioii''*''^^'*  ^''*'  ^Yelland  Canal,  from  Lake  Erie  tc>  Lake  Ontario,  the  quan 
"  '  stated  as 


INJON. 


intries,  whiclij* 
ject  8ubrnitt<'* 

as  I  think  t 
eticable  arrni 
le  United  St; 
s  a  change  in" 
them  to  the  > 
not  be  one  to 
orm  a  forbidi! 

osperity  tliai 
sperity,  upoif 
B  provinces, 
ill,  and  in  sevi 
lower  proviuii 
t  of  affairs, 
iling-  in  the  m 
)rtable;  ma 

adding  to  t? 
iiaiiufactureJ 
s  risen  to  <;oii|l 
;o  as  to  dimifl 
in  180J)  from: 
noticeable  sti*| 
it  trade,  tliolf 


itreal 


going  ''to  Canada"  being  almost  wholly  destined  for 


itics  of  tloitr  ami  (/ruhi  paHxinff  into  Caiutdu  from  the  United  StuUn  ;  aho  quantititt  in 
Iniiisit  to  jHtvtx  ill  the  I'liUvd  Statin  (liiriiiij  four  ymrn  pa»t. 


l%i- 


KLOUR. 


WIIKAT. 


ivniA.N  (ou\. 


5*  .'5 


Bt 

CS 

t; 

.r:c 

C 

'-■r 

cs 

c  5 

-•s 

o 

^b 

H 

Barrels. 
8,102 
4,401 

(>:<,  r)40 
105,  uc:} 


liarrels. 

H6ti,  314  1 

1,073,Gg«  ; 

1,455.947  ; 

1,  300,  054  I 


Bimhels. 
14, 9C3 

23,  804 

87,  223 

5,  458, 692 


JiughcU. 
5,032,071  i 
5,148,714  I 
7, 151,fil2  ; 
7.  990, 233  : 


I 


liunhels. 
488,  401 
295,  720 
526,731 

1,  ISO,  947 


Buxhels. 
4, 250,  232 
5,  448, 144 
5,  680, 996 
7,  024,  835 


OTHEU  OBAIN. 


3 

S  i> 


:-' 

^P 

Bunhels. 

Iht^heU. 

26, 168 

20,  425 

3,128 

223,  719 

18,502 

865, 020 

65, 835 

1,248,470 

le  statement  for  the  last  season  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  procnre, 
|there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  proportion  taken  to  Montreal, 

)ared  with  that  i)assing  to  Oswego,  Ogdensburg,  and  Cape  Vincent, 
^hlpment  by  canal  and  rail  to  Xew  York  and  Boston,  has  increased 

ir  than  diminished. 

it,  noticeable  as  the  commercial  progress  made  by  Montreal  during 
years  past  may  appear,  it  obviously  has  not  placed  her,  and  gives 
|romise  of  i>lacing  her,  at  the  height  of  importance  which  naturally 

igs  to  the  chief  i)ort  of  the  great  St.  Lawrence  outlet.    For  Montreal 


30 


TRADi:    WITH    ilRITISH    XOIMII    AMKHICAN    PROVINCES. 


<»ccii|»i«>.s  a  positioii  wIht*'.  iiimUt  coiMlitKm.s  <»f  «'(|iiiil  livaliN  witli  .N. 
York,  IMiila(l(']|)liiii,  liostoii.  and  ISaltiiiioic,  there  would  ii)i4|iiesti*)ii;ili 
liJive  risen,  today,  a  yreat  metropolis  (»!'  jiot   less  tlian  halt  a  niilli 
sonis,  instead  of  a  tlii'i\  in;;  citv  of  one  hnndr(>d  and   toit.v  or  tilt.v  tli 
sand  jieopie. 

I'AVoiMNo  <'iiM'rAi>iT,\N<'r:s. 

I'he  moderate  dejuiee  of  piosperitv  thai  «'.\ists  in  the  most  iiiMii 
sei'tioii  of  tiie  Dominion  atVords  <'\  idenee,  not  to  l»e  dispnted,  in  pi' 
that  the  Canadian  people  suffered  less  from  the  ;il»ro;;ation  ei  • 
reeiproeit.N  ti'eaty  in  IStKj  than  Ihev  appreiuMnled  or  than  other,-  i 
pel  tt'd.  The  expiration  of  the  treaty  happened  at  a  most  lortnii 
time  for  them,  when  sexeial  eirenmstanees  <'ond>ined  to  l>reak  the  efi 
of  the  suspension  ol"  fi-ee  trade.  The  state  of  l>nsiness  in  this  conn; 
was  Jnst  Ix'^^'ininn;;'  to  settle  into  eomposnre  alt<'i'  the  npli;  aval  and  d 
tnrhanee  of  the  ei\il  war.  I>nrinjn  the>  wai'.  and  for  sonw  lime  attei 
the  e\a]L;;:erated  and  inealcniahly  tinctuatin;;  ineminm  placed  upon  ;" 
l)y  the  nmd  ;4aml)!in;;  that  was  rife,  depiived  our  eiirreney  to  some  i 
tent  of  its  due  ]Mirehasin,i:  powei'  in  the  Canadian  market,  and  iiiti 
dneed  so  much  daily  and  iiourl.N  nneeitainty  of  exehan^icable  vain 
liet\v(>en  Anu'riean  and  Canadian  nn)ney.  that  transactions  in  i 
('anadian  nmikets  by  Aineri(«in  jmrchascrs  were  nmde  «lil1icult  ii 
hazardous.  This  had  interfered  seiiously  with  the  sellinjn'  of  CiMi.,(|i 
products  totlie  United  Statesdurin^  the  last  half  oi'  thefreetrade  jx'ii 
and  wlien,  otherwise,  the  marketing  of  those  products  in  the  llnii' 
States  woidd  have  been  enormously  stimulated.  At  times  it  had 
doubt  formed  more  of  an  obstruction  to  tiade  from  the.  province's  tli 
tlu^  duties  since  impcKsed  have  formed.  I  bit  the  one  obstruction,  of  a  Hi 
tuatin^  and  uncertain  purchasing;'  medium,  was  disappoariuju',  when  i 
other  obstruction,  of  revived  customs  duties,  arose,  and  it  is  cli 
enough  that  the  innnediate  connnercial  etfecls  of  the  latter  oiHuirrcn 
wcrc!  very  considerably  neutralize<l  by  the  fornu*r;  so  that  the  i>eopl( 
the  provinces  did  not  feel  the  sudden  loss  of  free  trade  with  the  Unit 
States  as  they  otherwise  avouUI  liav<^  done.  jMoreover.  the  Soutln 
States  began  about  the  same  time  to  beconu*  purchasers  again  of  IumiIh 
tish,  &c.,  from  the  provinces,  which,  for  five  years  before,  liad  had  tli 
part  of  their  Anu'rican  trade  entirely  cut  off.  Tliese  circumstam 
account,  I  think,  for  the  otherwise  singidar  appearance  of  the  fact  tli 
our  in)[>ortations  from  the  provinces  have  rather  increased,  on  ti 
average,  than  declined  since  the  termination  of  the  reciju'ocity  trent 

LFMBEJ'  AND  I5ARLEY. 

Referring  to  the  comparative  table  heretofore  given,  which  shows  ti 
extent  of  our  annual  importation  of  several  of  the  chief  staples  of  Can 
dian  production,  we  find  that  the  two  articles  of  lumber  and  barley  i 
gether  formed  one-third  of  the  entire  purchases  of  the  United  Stat' 
from  the  Dominion  in  1860,  and  that  these  two  articles,  more  than  ai 
others,  have  exhibited  a  total  indifference  to  the  terms  upon  which  tin 
are  admitted  to  the  United  States.  In  ])oth  cases  the  undoubted  t;i 
is,  that  this  country  has  need  of  the  foreign  supply.  The  sources  of  o 
own  lumber  supply  are  rapidly  receding  from  the  great  markets  in  wliii 
it  is  consumed,  and  are  rapidly  being  exhausted.  Every  year  is  nutkii 
it  more  a  necessity  that  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  should  buy  im 
ber  and  timber  from  the  provinces.  Under  such  circumstances,  and 
view  of  the  fact  that  this  countrv  would  seem  to  have  more  intertst 


con 
It  ot 
Jh'  ,; 
lerie 
iliili  in 
which 
aaw-h';. 

Sly  t( 
to  } 
soi 
diction 

Ti;  Al 


ImporiH  — 

Do^iCHtic  CXI 


ielati 
tlie  Unit 
th^r  poi 
tt|^  bettt 
tn^in,  UK 
o^jthe  ui 
the  Biiti 
I  Mgret 

111  the 
tween  th 
North  A 
province 
tlt#  sine 
Ofided  I 
or  tv 


Mit  of 
led  V 
isacti 


INCKH, 


TRADi:    WITFT    MI?TTiail    NOKTIT    AMKKKWN    I'ROVINCEH. 


37 


alr\  with  .N 
iiqiicstioici 
halt  a  iiiilli 

\-  or  nriv  t 


most  laMii 
aitcd,  ill  ]ii' 
lyatioii  cf  • 
laii  other.-  I 
lost  loi'liiii. 
I'cak  the  el] 
I  tliis  conn; 
;  aval  aiitl  d 
I'  tiino  attci 
('(•(I  upon  ;" 
y  lo  sonic  I 
A't,  anil  iiit: 
yi'abh'  \jil 
ctioiis  ill 
'  (lilliciill  u 

H'  of   ('iM|.,(|| 

c^tiiuh*  pcii 

ill    the  I'liii' 

lies  it  had 

n'oviiict's  til 

;tioii,()fa  III 

injU',  wlu'ii  I 

1(1   it  is  I'll 

♦'!•  occaii'icii 

the  peoplt 

til  tlio  Unit' 

tliii  Soiitlii 

liii  ot'liinilii 

I  ad  had  tli 

ircuinstaiM 

the  fact  til 

ascd,  on  ti 

ro(!ity  trt'iit 


il  (■onsci'vatioii  ot  its  tastilisapitrailn;:;  t'orosts  than  in  the  fiicoiiraKO- 
lit  (it'tlii'ir  coiisiiiiiption.  it  may  IkmvcII  to  consider,  without  n'tcrciico 
the  general  (|iiestinii  ut  reciprocal  policy,  whether  it  is  not  due  to 
lericaiM'oiisiiiners  that  tlii'  present  hii^li  diitvotLM^  per  cent. on  Oana- 
(l&i  iiinilM'i' shoiihl  lie  inodilied,  laUiii;;  another  step  in  the;  direction 
whicii  was  taken  at  the  last  session  of  <!oii<iress,  when  the  duties  on 
HftW-lo^'^  and  ship  tiiiii>er  were  reino\ed.  Much  the  same  considerations 
ai^ly  to  the  article  ol  liailey,  lor  uhit.'h  the  consiiniers  in  this  country 
atCu  to  a  coiisideraiile  extent,  dependent  upon  a,  country  whostM'limatc 
and  soil  are  hetter  adapted  than  most  of  our  own  territory  lo  its  pro- 
(Imtinn. 

TifADi-:  WITH  riir:  non  roNKKhioifATFj)  iMtoviNoics. 

IBS'ith  this  impeitcct  discussion  of  them,  i  siilimit  the  main  facts  which 
I  ]|«ve.  <;ollected.  Within  tlie  time  allotted  to  my  impiiry  I  lisivc  been 
unihle  to  exti'iid  it.  except  very  siiperllcially.  hcyoiid  the  iirovincesem- 
bltteed  ill  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

ur  trade  with  tluUhrei^  provinces  of  Newfoundland,  (including'  Cape 
itoii,)  Prince  I'idward\s  Island,  and  liritish  Coliimliia,  which  riMiiaiit 
oW|^id(>  the  (u)iifcderatioii  of  the  Dominion,  (althoii;>h  lUitish  ('oliimhia 
^'^kins  to  he  at  the  point  of  becominji  joined  with  it,)  is  rejireseiited  for 
thdlast  two  years  in  tlic^  reports  of  Coinmerce  and  Navi;;'ation,  compiled 
in  tlie  I'liited  States  Jiureaii  of  Statistics,  as  follows: 


IimoriN 

DOpeHtic  fxporU. 
Fqii|ij|;<>  rci'xpttrtH 


\mi 


?l,  737, 304 

J,  7n:i,  1711 

4IG,  (j(i4 


!H70. 


8l.r)rtl,!)5!) 

:t,a04,Cfi8 

Ml,  otiO 


ch  shows  i 
pies  of  Ciiii 
lul  barley  i 
uited  Stilt 
ore  than  in 
II  which  till 
doubted  tli 
ources  of  oi 
cats  in  wliit 
ar  is  inakiii 
uld  buj'  liiii 
iiues,  aud ; 
e  iutertst 


jyjelatively  to  its  extent,  this  traile  appears  much  more  favorable  to 
i«i  United  States  than  our  trade  with  the  J )ominion,  and  relatively  to 
thfiir  population  and  <;oinmerce  the  non-confederated  provinces  arc  far 
tlifi  better  customers  of  this  country.  The  subject  of  our  relations  with 
them,  moreov«'r,  is  mad<*  the  more  interesting  and  important  by  reason 
of  ;the  unwillin'iness  that  their  i>eople  manifest  to  attach  themselves  to 
the  British  colonial  confederation,  and  it  claims  an  examination  which 
I  IhBgiet  that  1  have  not  been  able  to  give  to  it. 

Ill  the  United  States  otUcial  statistics  of  late  years,  only  a  distinction  be- 
tween the  •' J3ominion  of  Canada"  and  "all  other  IJritish  possessions  in 
NcMrth  America"  is  made,  so  that  our  trade  transactions  with  the  several 
provinces  cannot  be  discriminated.  Attempting  to  procure  returns  from 
the  several  customs  <listricts  w  ith  such  a  discrimination  made,  I  suc- 
ceikled  but  [lartially,  and  with  a  result  too  imperfect  for  use,  except  in 
Cw  or  two  particulars. 

NEWFOI'NDLANl)   AiNl)    PRINCE  EDWARD'S  ISLAND. 

fut  of  twenty-eight  collection  districts  from  which  I  have  been  fur- 
jied  with  statistics  relating  to  the  last  fiscal  year,  only  five  report 
'^saetions  with  Newfoundland  and  !*rince  Edward's  Island,  as  follows: 


38 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 


Imports  ill  ca'tain  dwtrietH  from  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton,  and  Prince  Edward's  hhu 

during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  'M),  1870. 


<D 

c 

t- 

a; 

.a 

a 

A 
■^ 

— 

X 

*^  _; 

(.-4 

^  X 

%m    T. 

"^  -M 

"SS 

o  » 

at: 

5 

Uistiicts. 

n  a 

s  s 

^.fe 

te 

a  g 

-=1 

^ 

a  ^ 

S  '^ 

% 

"— 

v 

F— 

C   "— ' 

V 

- 

o 

o 

o 

(-< 

h 

S 

Ph 

l-H 

Ph 

^ 

<k 

r* 

lioHton 

l?()21 

121,  707 
5,877 

!jl  .537 

S-*l,  IG7 

$7!),  073 
81,  372 

«10,  431 
.5,  447 

*1.54. 
214  ■ 

^few  York 

372 

121,. 520 
2,530 

I'l'ovidence,  K.  I 

ii  ■ 

New  Bftdford,  MasH 

2!>,  096 

■X) 

Totftl 

fl03 

37,  C44 

125,  587 

41,  1G7 

189,  .541 

15,  878 

40(1  ' 

Impo 
Impo 


Expoi 


Domestic  exports  from  certain  districts  to  Newfoundland,  Cape  Breton,  and  I'rince  Edntu 
Island  during  the  fiscal  year  ended  June  W,  1H7(I. 


From  Bos'.on  to  IJ^wroiindland 

From  Host  on  to  I'riuco  Kd  wiird's  iHliind 

From  Wiluiiiigtoii,  X.  C.  ('■'.•.nbpr  to  Newfoundland). 
From  New   >''irk 


¥2!1P 
10.\ 


Total . 


4(1,- 


Tlie  forejjfoiiig  retnrn.s  no  doubt  represent  most  of  the  trade  carrie 
on  durin<4"  the  past  fiscal  year  with  the  insnhir  ju'ovinees  named. 

MANITOBA. 

Our  present  trade  with  the  great  central  region  of  British  Anieri( 
formerly  known  as  the  Ked  lliver  country,  but  now  politically  organizi 
and  incorporated  With  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  under  the  name  of  tl 
province  of  Manitoba,  is  imperfectly  shown  by  the  following  statemei 
which  is  furnished  to  me  by  the  collector  of  customs  at  Pembina,  Mi: 
nesota.  It  exhibits  for  the  last  two  fiscal  years  the  imports  entered 
and  the  exports  cleared  from  the  customs  district  of  Minnesota,  throu; 
which  the  trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  Manitoba  coiuit: 
necessarily  passes : 

1869. 

IMPORTS. 

Imports  entered  for  immediate  consumi)tiou $60,  40l'  i 

Imports  entered  warehouse 151, 645  : 


Th( 
nishet- 
Mauit 
that  h 
gimpo 
at  otii 
in  trai 
The  Si 
Manit< 
sist  all 
in  the 
Hmlso 

Our 
ritory  i 
z^ation 
P^sibi 
w|en  i 
t^s  I) 


ig  t( 


nee 


:i 


V>W'* 


Total  imports :il2, 047 


in  cf 
«|fcrenj 
1#n  b> 
cMn,  a 

l#n  to 

•i^esp 

uHon. 


EXPORTS. 


Export  of  goods  the  growth,  produce,  and  manufacture  of 

the  United  States. 174,  Oi;| 

Exports  of  foreign  dutiable  goods 14, 548 1 


Total  exi)orts 180, 401 


/.  -» ■  .4*  • 


V^INCES. 

je  Edivnr(Vn  Ixh, 


P. 


TRADE    WITH    BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN    PROVINCES. 

1870. 
IMPORTS. 


39 


Imports  entered  for  iniinediate  consumption $34, 109  20 

Imports  entered  warehouse 180, 142  57 

Total  imports 220, 341  8(> 


EXPORTS. 


1*10,431  !  *ir.4    Exports  of  domestic  merchandise 152, 50()  00 

5.447  .    yu:  Exports  of  foreign  dutiable  j?oods 20, 133  47 

I  g((' ;,  — ^— — — ^^_ 


15,  e-8 


4U0  ■ 


Total  exi)orts 172,  720  47 


d  I'niice  Edmii 


lOJ. 
2,; 
!.:■ 

4(if.- 

e  trade  carii^ 
named. 


itish  Anieri( 
ally  organizi 
le  name  of  tl 
ing  statejiH'i 
:*embina,  Mi: 
^rts  entered 
esota,  tliroii; 
iiitoba  count: 


$60,  402 
151,045 

212, 047 


The  special  deputy  collector  at  Pembina,  Mr.  N.  E.  Nelson,  who  fur- 
nishes this  statement  to  me,  writes  that  the  entire  amount  of  exports  to 
Manitoba,  through  Minnesota,  is  not  represented  in  it,  for  the  reason 
that  large  <iuantities  of  domestic  j^oods,  such  as  tobacco,  sugars,  sirups, 
glHttpowder,  matches,  liquors,  &c.,  are  entered  for  exjiortation  in  bond 
at  other  districts,  free  of  the  internal  revenue  tax,  and,  simply  passing 
in  transit  through  the  Minnesota  district,  do  not  appear  in  its  returns. 
The  same  is  true  of  a  large  quantity  of  foreign  goods  reex])orted  to 
Manitoba.  The  United  States  imports  from  that  province,  which  con- 
sist almost  wholly  of  raw  furs  and  buffalo  robes,  are  i)robably  all  entered 
in  the  ]\Iini'esota  district,  since  the  large  shipments  made  by  way  of 
Hudson's  Bay  go  abroad. 

Our  present  trade  with  that  vast  new  region  of  richly  productiv<'i  ter- 
ritory iu  the  basin  of  Lake  AV^innipeg,  which  the  pioneer  forces  of  civili- 
zfttioH  are  just  jueijaring  to  invade,  is  inconsiderable;  but  its  future 
possibilities  are  l)eyond  calculation.  The  time  is  ajiproaching  very  near 
when  it  is  clearly  destined  to  give  a  new  ])hase  to  the  ([uestion  of  rela- 
timis  l)et\veen  this  country  and  iJritish  North  America,  and  when  it  will 
being  to  bear  upon  that  question  the  pressure  o{'  an  inexorabh^  geographi- 
cal necessity,  that  will  compel  it  to  some  solution. 

:S  CONCLUSION. 

In  coiidudiug  my  report,  it  is  i)roper  that  I  sliould  acknowle<ige  the 
©||treme  courtesy  with  v.hich  I  have  been  assisted  in  procuring  informa- 
l^n  by  the  members  of  the  Canadian  government,  and  by  all  of  its  offi- 
cials, as  well  as  by  tliose  of  this  Government,  to  whom  1  haveliad  occa^ 
l^n  to  apply. 
dBespectfiillv  submitted. 
I  J.  N.  LAKNED. 

i^Hon.  (lEOKOE  S.  BOUTWELL, 

%!  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


174,0ia 

14, 548 

9 

180,  401 

m 

I 

